Ch.10 Part I Vission

Front 1

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

Back 1

Sclera

Front 2

Which layer of the eye contains the ciliary body?

Back 2

Choroid

Front 3

What does the middle layer contain?

Back 3

The ciliary body,zonular fibers, lens, and iris.

Front 4

What is the name of the innermost layer that contains two layers?

Back 4

Retina

Front 5

What are the two layers of the retina?

Back 5

a. Retinal epithelium layer(outer)
b. Neural layer (inner)

Front 6

The retinal pimented epithelium contains a high concentration of what?

Back 6

Black pigment melanin

Front 7

What is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium?

Back 7

It absorbs the light that strikes the back of the eye, preventing it from reflecting back across the retina.

Front 8

Where does light from the center of the visual field strike?

Back 8

The fovea

Front 9

Where do the optic nerve and the blood vessels supplying the eye pass through?

Back 9

The optic disk

Front 10

What is the function of the cornea?

Back 10

Allows light to enter the eye

Front 11

What attaches the ciliary muscles to the lens?

Back 11

Zonular Fibers

Front 12

What is the process called in which the refractive power of the lens increases to allow the viewing of objects up close?

Back 12

Accommodation

Front 13

What structures of the eye assist in accommodation?

Back 13

Ciliary muscles, lens, and zonular fibers

Front 14

What is the function of the lens?

Back 14

It focuses light on the retina.

Front 15

What type of muscle is the iris made up of?

Back 15

Smooth muscle

Front 16

What does the pigmentation of the iris determine?

Back 16

Eye color

Front 17

What regulates the diameter of the pupil?

Back 17

The iris

Front 18

What regulates the amount of light that reaches the back of the eye?

Back 18

The diameter of the pupil.

Front 19

What is the hole in the center of the iris?

Back 19

The pupil

Front 20

Does the pupil allow light to enterthe posterior or anterior part of the eye?

Back 20

Posterior
(Pg. 269)

Front 21

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

Back 21

Rods and cones

Front 22

What two chambers is the anterior segment divided in to?

Back 22

Posterior and anterior chambers

Front 23

Where is the posterior chamber located?

Back 23

Between the iris and lens

Front 24

Where is the anterior chamber located?

Back 24

Between the cornea and the iris

Front 25

What chamber is the aqueous humor located?

Back 25

Anterior chamber

Front 26

What supplies nutrients to the cornea and the lens?

Back 26

The aqueous humor

Front 27

T/F: This humor is continually synthesized and drained throughout life.

Back 27

!TRUE!

Front 28

What is another name for posterior segment?

Back 28

Vitreous chamber

Front 29

What humor is located in the posterior segment?

Back 29

The virteous humor

Front 30

What is the function of the virteous humor?

Back 30

It maintains spherical structure of the eye.

Front 31

What does the pigmentation of the iris determine?

Back 31

Eye color

Front 32

What regulates the diameter of the pupil?

Back 32

The iris

Front 33

What regulates the amount of light that reaches the back of the eye?

Back 33

The diameter of the pupil.

Front 34

What is the hole in the center of the iris?

Back 34

The pupil

Front 35

Does the pupil allow light to enterthe posterior or anterior part of the eye?

Back 35

Posterior
(Pg. 269)

Front 36

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

Back 36

Rods and cones

Front 37

What two chambers is the anterior segment divided in to?

Back 37

Posterior and anterior chambers

Front 38

Where is the posterior chamber located?

Back 38

Between the iris and lens

Front 39

Where is the anterior chamber located?

Back 39

Between the cornea and the iris

Front 40

What chamber is the aqueous humor located?

Back 40

Anterior chamber

Front 41

What supplies nutrients to the cornea and the lens?

Back 41

The aqueous humor

Front 42

T/F: This humor is continually synthesized and drained throughout life.

Back 42

!TRUE!

Front 43

What is another name for posterior segment?

Back 43

Vitreous chamber

Front 44

What humor is located in the posterior segment?

Back 44

The virteous humor

Front 45

What is the function of the virteous humor?

Back 45

It maintains spherical structure of the eye.

Front 46

T/F: The virteous humor is continually synthesized and drained throughout life.

Back 46

False. The vitreous humor we are born with remains until death.

Front 47

What is it when of light waves strike and bounce off a surface?

Back 47

Reflection

Front 48

What refers to the bending of light as they pass through transparent materials of different densities?

Back 48

Refraction

Front 49

Why is refraction imortant?

Back 49

It causes light rays to converge on a single point on the retina.

Front 50

What is the single point into which light rays converge on the retina called?

Back 50

The focal point

Front 51

The focal length is the distance from ______ to the _______.

Back 51

a. lens
b. focal point

Front 52

What type of lens would you use to shorten the focal length?

Back 52

Convex lens

Front 53

What type of lens would you use to increase the focal length?

Back 53

Concave lens

Front 54

What is the adjusting of the strength of the lens by changing the shape of the lens?

Back 54

Accommodation

Front 55

What type of control is accommodation?

Back 55

Autonomic control

Front 56

Explain the process that allows us to see objects at a distance.

Back 56

1) The ciliary muscles relax
2) This causes the zonular fibers to slaken
3)As a result, a bulge is formed in the lens.
4)This causes the focal length to decrease, allowing us to see far objects.

Front 57

Does near vision use parasympathetic stimulation?

Back 57

Yes, distant vision does not.

Front 58

What clinical defect results in proteins clumping together on the lens?

Back 58

Cataract

Front 59

What tupe of clinical defect results due to new fibers being continually layed down inhibiting nutrients from reaching the old fibers causing the lens to loose flexibility?

Back 59

Presbyopia

Front 60

What clinical defect results in irregularities on the surface of the cornea or the lens that cause erratic bending of light waves?

Back 60

Astigmatism

Front 61

What eye condition do you have if you have perfect vision?

Back 61

Emmetropia

Front 62

Explain Myopia.

Back 62

Lens of eye too strong which causes the focal point to occur BEFORE the retina.

Front 63

Can you see objects near or far with myopia?

Back 63

Near, you have difficulty seeing objects far away.

Front 64

What type of lens would you use to fix the condition of myopia?

Back 64

Concave lens: Increases focal length

Front 65

What type of eye condition do you have when you are far sited?

Back 65

Hyperopia

Front 66

What is happening to the focal point as a result of hyperopia?

Back 66

The focal point is past the retina causing difficulty in seeing close objects.

Front 67

What type of lens would you use to correct hyperopia?

Back 67

Convex lens: Decreases focal length.

Front 68

What are the two types of smooth muscle found in the eye?

Back 68

Circular and radial

Front 69

What type of reflex is associated with constriction and dilation of the eye?

Back 69

Pupillary reflex

Front 70

Does pupillary constriction increase or decrease the amount of the light entering the eye?

Back 70

Decrease

Front 71

Is pupillary dilation a parasympathetic or sympathetic stimulation?

Back 71

Sympathetic stimulation

Front 72

What muscle is being stimulated during pupillary constriction?

Back 72

Circular muscle

Front 73

When is radial muscle stimulated?

Back 73

During pupillary dilation

Front 74

Name the pathway of the light as is passes through the eye?

Back 74

1)Cornea
2)Aqueous humor
3)Pupil
4)Lens
5)Vitreous humor
6)Neural layer of the retina

Front 75

What layer of the neural layer contain the photoreceptors?

Back 75

The outermost layer contains the rods and cones.

Front 76

What cells in the middle layer generate graded potentials?

Back 76

Bipolar Cells

Front 77

What do ganglion cells in the inner layer generate?

Back 77

Action potentials

Front 78

What is the optic disc refered to as?

Back 78

Blind spot

Front 79

What cells form the optic nerve?

Back 79

Ganglion cells

Front 80

What is the pathway of light into the neural layer of the retina?

Back 80

1)Bipolar cells (GPs)
2)Ganglion cells (APs)
3)Optic Nerve (cranial nerve II)
4)Brain
5)Visual cortex (occipital bone)

Front 81

Where are there a high concentration of cones?

Back 81

Fovea

Front 82

What visual pigment disassociates in rods and what is it broken down into to?

Back 82

a. Rhodopsin
b. Opsin and Retinal

Front 83

When is there no photopigment stimulation?

Back 83

In the dark

Front 84

Where is vitiman A stored?

Back 84

In the pigmented layer

Front 85

What is the process of converting light waves into an electrical signal?

Back 85

Phototransduction

Front 86

Where does phototransduction occur?

Back 86

In the neural layer of the retina.

Front 87

During phototransduction in the dark, what does the entering of Ca into the cell trigger?

Back 87

Exocytosis of transmitters

Front 88

What is happening to the cell during phototransduction in the dark as Na flows into the cell and K flows out of the cell?

Back 88

The cell is experiencing depolarization.

Front 89

Is the NT released by exocytosis inhibitory or excitatory during dark phototransduction?

Back 89

Inhibitory

Front 90

During phototransduction in the light, do cGMP levels decrease or increase?

Back 90

Decrease, they increase in the dark.

Front 91

During light phototransduction, is the decrease in the NT release inhibitory or excitatory?

Back 91

Excitatory

Front 92

In which phototransduction do the ganglion cells produce an action potential?

Back 92

Light phototransduction

Front 93

What clinical defect results from an increased volume of the aqueous humor?

Back 93

Glaucoma