Ch.10-Ch.13 Review For A&p

Front 1

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the:

Back 1

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 2

The Peripheral Nervous System includes:

Back 2

The nerves that connect the CNS with the rest of the body.

Front 3

Cells that make up the nervous system:

Back 3

1. Neuroglia (glia) support, protect and nourish the neurons

2. Neurons conduct the nerve impulse

Front 4

The three parts of a neuron:

Back 4

Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon

Front 5

The three parts of a neuron:

Back 5

Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon

Front 6

Types of Neurons:

Back 6

Sensory(Afferent)-Neurons carry information toward the CNS.

Motor(Efferent)-Neurons carry information from the CNS toward the periphery.

Interneurons: Located in the CNS (make connections)

Front 7

The three parts of a neuron:

Back 7

Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon

Front 8

Types of Neurons:

Back 8

Sensory(Afferent)-Neurons carry information toward the CNS.

Motor(Efferent)-Neurons carry information from the CNS toward the periphery.

Interneurons: Located in the CNS (make connections)

Front 9

White Matter vs Gray Matter

Back 9

White matter is the result of myelinated fibers.

Gray matter is composed primarily of cell bodies, interneurons, and unmyelinated fibers.

(Clusters if cell bodies (gray matter) are called nuclei and ganglia).

Front 10

The three parts of a neuron:

Back 10

Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon

Front 11

Types of Neurons:

Back 11

Sensory(Afferent)-Neurons carry information toward the CNS.

Motor(Efferent)-Neurons carry information from the CNS toward the periphery.

Interneurons: Located in the CNS (make connections)

Front 12

White Matter vs Gray Matter

Back 12

White matter is the result of myelinated fibers.

Gray matter is composed primarily of cell bodies, interneurons, and unmyelinated fibers.

(Clusters if cell bodies (gray matter) are called nuclei and ganglia).

Front 13

The Neuron Carrying Information

Back 13

A. Nerve Impulse

1. The electrical signal is called the action potential.

2. The nerve impulse is caused by the following changes in the neuron: polarization, depolarization & repolorization.

3. Initial depolarization must reach threshold potential in order for the neuron to become fully depolarized.

4. The nerve impulse results from the flow of ions: polarization (outward leak of K+), depolarization (influx of Na+) and repolarization (outward flux of K+).

5. The nerve impulse jumps from node to node as it travels along a myelinated fiber. Myelination increases the speed of the nerve impulse.

6. The nerve impulse causes the release of the neurotransmitter at the synapse.

Front 14

The three parts of a neuron:

Back 14

Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon

Front 15

Types of Neurons:

Back 15

Sensory(Afferent)-Neurons carry information toward the CNS.

Motor(Efferent)-Neurons carry information from the CNS toward the periphery.

Interneurons: Located in the CNS (make connections)

Front 16

White Matter vs Gray Matter

Back 16

White matter is the result of myelinated fibers.

Gray matter is composed primarily of cell bodies, interneurons, and unmyelinated fibers.

(Clusters if cell bodies (gray matter) are called nuclei and ganglia).

Front 17

The Neuron Carrying Information

Back 17

A. Nerve Impulse

1. The electrical signal is called the action potential.

2. The nerve impulse is caused by the following changes in the neuron: polarization, depolarization & repolorization.

3. Initial depolarization must reach threshold potential in order for the neuron to become fully depolarized.

4. The nerve impulse results from the flow of ions: polarization (outward leak of K+), depolarization (influx of Na+) and repolarization (outward flux of K+).

5. The nerve impulse jumps from node to node as it travels along a myelinated fiber. Myelination increases the speed of the nerve impulse.

6. The nerve impulse causes the release of the neurotransmitter at the synapse.

Front 18

B. Synapse

Back 18

1. The synapse is a space between two Neurons.

2. The nerve impulse of the first (presynaptic) neuron causes the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors on the second (postsynaptic) membrane. The activation of the receptor stimulates a nerve impulse in the second neuron.

Front 19

Brain Structure and Function

Back 19

A. Cerebrum

1. The right and left hemispheres are joined by the corpus callosum.

2. The four main cerebral lobes are the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes.

3. Large areas of the cerebrum called association are concerned with interpreting, integrating, and analyzing information.

Front 20

Cranial Nerves

Back 20

I / Olfactory (sensory) -Sense of smell

II / Optic (sensory) - Sense of sight

III / Oculomotor (mixed mostly motor) - Movement of eyeball, raising of eyelid, change in pupil size

IV / Trochlear - (mixed mostly motor) - Movement of eyeball

V / Trigeminal - (mixed)- Chewing of food; sensation un face, scalp and cornea (eye) and teeth

VI / Abucens (mostly motor) - Movement of the eyeball

VII / Facial (mixed) - Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, tears, taste and blinking

VII / Vestibulocochlear (sensory) - Sense of gearing and balance

IX / Glissopharyngeal (mixed) - swallowing, part of the gag reflex, taste, secretion of saliva

X / Vagus (mixed) - visceral muscle movement and sensations, especially movement and secretion of the digestive system, sensory for reflex regulation of blood pressure

XI /Accesory (mixed mostly motor) - Swallowing, head and shoulder movement, speaking

XII / Hypoglossal (mixed mostly motor) - Speech and swallowing

Front 21

Markings in the Cerebrum

Back 21

Called-Convolutions (gyrus): The surface of the cerebrum is folded into elevations that resemble speed bumps on a road.

Front 22

Fissure

Back 22

A deep sulcus

Front 23

Frontal lobe

Back 23

Located in the front of the cranium under the frontal bone. Plays an important key role in voluntary motor activity, personality development, emotional and behavioral expression and performance in high level tasks such as learning, thinking, making plans.

Front 24

Parietal Lobe

Back 24

Is located posterior to the central sulcus. The parietal lone particularly the post central gyrus is primary concerned with receiving general sensory information from the body. Also called primary somatisensory area.

Front 25

Temporal Lobe

Back 25

Located inferior to the lateral fissure in an area just above the ear. The temporal lobe contains an area called the primary auditory cortex. It receives information from the ear and allows you to hear.

Front 26

Night vision

Back 26

Rods

Front 27

Color Vision

Back 27

Cones

Front 28

Myosis

Back 28

Constriction

Front 29

Mydrosis

Back 29

Dilation

Front 30

Afferent Nerves (Somatic)

Back 30

Sensory information from the different parts of the body, particularly the skin and muscles to the CNS.

Front 31

Efferent Nerves

Back 31

Bring motor information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles throughout the body.

Front 32

What the Spinal Cord is

Back 32

A. The spinal cord is a tubelike structure located in the spinal cavity, extending from foremen magnum (occipital bone)