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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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impulse-control disorders
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inability to resist action on a drive or temptation
-cannont resist aggressive impulses -steal -set fires -gamble -pull out their hair |
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polysubstance use
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using multiple substances (mood and behavior altering substances)
about 8% of general population uses illegal drugs |
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psychoactive substances
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substances such as drugs that alter mood or behavior
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substance use
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ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts, doesn't significantly interfere with social/educational/occupational functioning
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substance intoxication
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physiological reactions (impaired judgment and motor ability, mood change) resulting from the ingestion of psychoactive substances
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substance abuse
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pattern of psychoactive substance roles and in hazardous situations
-DSM definition: severely interfering with your life |
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substance dependence
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maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increase amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effect
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alcohol withdrawal delirium AKA delirium tremens
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a person can experience frightening hallucinations and body tremors when withdrawing from alcohol; withdrawal from many substances can bring it on: chills, fever, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
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drug-seeking behaviors
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desperate need to ingest more, will probably resume after a period of withdrawal
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tolerance
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requeres increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect
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withdrawal
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will respond physically in a negative way when the substance is no longer ingested
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psychological dependence
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DSM says it's a combination of substance dependence and physiological aspects of tolerance and withdrawal
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substance-related disorder
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according to DSM, a combination of substance dependence and physiological aspects of tolerance and withdrawal
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depressants
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cause behavioral sedation; induce relaxation, most likely to produce physical symptoms of withdrawal and tolerance and dependence
-alcohol: ethyl alcohol -barbiturates: seconal -benzodiazepines: valium, halcyon |
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stimulants
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cause activity, alterness, elevate mood
-amphetamines -cocaine -nicotine -caffeine |
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opiods
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produce analgesia (reduce pain) and euphoria
-heroin -opium -codeine -morphine |
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hallucinogens
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cause alter sensory perception, can produce delusions, paranoia, hallucinations
-marjiuana -LSD |
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other drugs
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inhalants: airplane glue
anabolic steroids, over the counter prescriptions: nitrous oxide |
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alcohol: psychological and physiological disorders
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-central nervous system depressant
-influences several neurotransmitter systems -specific target is CABA |
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alcohol
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-inhibits brain sensors that cause you to relax, then with more it lowers reaction time, motor coordination, judgment calls
-increases GABA's inhibitory effect: hard for neurons to communication with each other, hard for neuron to fire, increases the number of neuron ions -withdrawal happens within hours -doesn't permanently kill brain cells -23% of americans binge drink -highest among caucasians -males abuse & use more than females -most adults consider themselves light drinkers or abstiners -15 million americans are alcohol dependent -20% of alcoholics experience spontaneous remission -linked with aggressive behaviors, but doesn't cause them |
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effects of chronic alcohol use
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-alcohol intoxication and withdrawal
-fetal alcohol syndrome: causes behavior problems, cognitive deficits, characteristic facial features -dementia: general loss of intellectual ability; poison to brain -wernicke's: confusion, loss of muscle coordination, unintelligible speech, thought to be caused by a thiamine deficiency |
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Jellinek
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-faulty
-alc dependence is progressive for most people -alc abuse is more variable |
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barbiturates
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family of sedative (and addictive) drugs, includes: amytal, seconal, nembutal
-widely prescribed in 30s and 40s, abused in the 50s -at low doses they calm and induce sleep |
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benzodiazepines
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anti-anxiety drugs includes: valium, xanax, dalmane, halcyon, used to treat insomnia
-effective against anxiety disorders, in high dosages also for panic disorders -at low doses they relax muscles and produce a mile feeling of well-being -may result in addiction -relapse rates are high when discontinued -side effects: cognitive and motor impairment |
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sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic substance abuse
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-sedative (calming)
-hypnotic (sleep-inducing) -anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) -barbiturates -benzodiazepines -at large doses effects are similar to alcohol: slurred speech, problems with gait, concentration, and working -extremely high doses can cause diaphragm to relax so much they suffocate -combined with alc synergy -all influence GABA |
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nature of stimulants
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-most widely consumed drug in US
-increase alertness and energy -includes amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine |
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amphetamine use disorders
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-produce elation, vigor, reduce fatigue
-such effects are followed by extreme fatigue and depression -stimulate CNS by enhancing release of norepinephrine and dopamine; reuptake is blocked -X and ice: effects similar to speed but without the crash; both have high risk of dependence |
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cocaine use disorders
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effects: short lived elation, vigor, reduce fatigue
-blocking reuptake of dopamine -highly addictive, but develops slowly -most cycle through patterns of tolerance and withdrawal |
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nicotine use disorders
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-effects: stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in CNS: sensations of relaxation, wellness, pleasure
-highly addictive -relapse rates equal those with alcohol and heroin -uses dose themselves to maintain a steady state of nicotine -complex relationship to a negative affect: appears to improve mood in short-term; depression occurs more in those with nicotine dependence |
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caffeine use disorders
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-the "gentle" stimulant
-used by over 90% of americans -found in tea, coffee, cola drinks, cocoa products -small doses elevate mood and reduce fatigue -regular use can result in tolerance and dependence -blocks reuptake of neurotransmitter adenosine |
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opiod use disorders
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-opiate: natural chemical in the opium poppy with narcotic effects
-opiod: natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects -AKA analgesics -effects of opiods: activate body's enkephalins and endorphins -low doses: euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing -high doses can cause death -withdrawal symptoms can be long lasting and severe -high mortality rates -high risk of HIV infection |
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nature of hallucinogens
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-changes the way the user perceives the world
-may produce: delusion, paranoia, hallucinations, altered sensory perception -LSD and marijuana |
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marijuana
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-active chemical THC
-symptoms: mood swings, paranoia, hallucinations, impairment in motivation -withdrawal and dependence are uncommon |
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LSD and other hallucinogens
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-LSD most common
-tolerance is rapid -withdrawal symptoms are uncommon -produce psychotic delusions and hallucinations -psychological and physiological symptoms are similar |
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nature of inhalants
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-substances found in volatile solvents
-breathed directly into lungs -examples: spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner, gasoline, NOS -rapidly absorbed -effects similar to alcohol intoxication -tolerance and prolonged symptoms of withdrawal are common |
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nature of anabolic-androgenic steroids
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-steroids are synthesized from testosterone
-used medicinally or to increase body mass -users may engage in cycling or stacking -does not produce a high -can result in long-term mood disturbances and physical problems |
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designer drugs
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-produced by pharmaceutical companies for diseases
-ecstasy -MDEA (eve) -BDMPEA (nexus) -Ketamine (special K) -all heighten auditory and visual perception and sense of taste/touch -popular in night clubs/raves -produce tolerance and dependence |
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causes of substance-related disorders: genetic influences
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results from family, twin and adoption studies:
-sub abuse has a genetic component -most focus has been on alc -genetic differences in alc metabolism -multiple genes involved |
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causes of sub disorders: neurobiological influences
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results from neurobio research:
-drugs affect the pleasure or reward centers in the brain -pleasure centers: dopamine, midbrain, frontal cortex -inhibition of neurotransmitters for anxiety/negative affect |
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causes of sub disorders: psychological dim
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role of pos/neg reinforcement:
-sub abuse used as a means to cope with a neg affect: self-medication and the tension reduction hypothesis opponent-process theory: -why the crash after use fails to keep people from using role expectancy effects: -expectancies influence drug use and relapse cravings |
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causes of sub disorders: social/cultural dim
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-exposure is a prereq for use: media, family, peers, parents and family appear critical
-societal views: sign of moral weakness, failure of self-control, sign of a disease, caused by some underlying process; influence the manifestation of substance abuse |
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integrative model of sub-related dis
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-exposure or access to a drug: necessary but not sufficient
-drug use depends on social and cultural expectations; the pleasurable consequences |
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biological treatment
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agonist substitution
antagonistic treatment aversive treatment |
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antagonistic treatment
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-drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of substances
-examples: naltrexone for opiate and alc problems |
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agonistic substitution
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-safe drug with a similar chemical composition as the abused drug
-examples: methadone, nicotine gum/patch |
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aversive treatment
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-drugs that make use of substances extremely unpleasant
-examples: antabuse and silver nitrate |
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psychological treatment of sub related dis
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-impatient vs outpatient care: little difference in effectiveness
-community support programs: AA, NA, seem helpful, strongly encouraged -balancing treatment goals: controlled use vs complete abstinence -comprehensive treatment and prevention |
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comprehensive treatment and prevention programs
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-individual and group therapy
-aversion therapy and convert sensitization -contingency management -community reinforcement -relapse prevention -prevention efforts via education |
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summary of sub related dis
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-most subs activate the dopaminergic pleasure pathway
-psychological factors interact with biological influences -treatment: largely unsuccessful, high motivated persons do best, important to use a comprehensive approach |
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sleeping requires
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self-soothing skills
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first half of sleep
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deep sleep, little REM
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second half of sleep
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-lots of REM
-good, involved, emotional dreams -don't remember the dreams because after the last REM cycle there's a light sleep period (fastest loss of memory) -core body temp, melatonin, cortisol, hormones |
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DIMS
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difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
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DOES
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difficulty of excessive sleepiness
-apnea -narcoplepsy |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Anorexia Nervosa
characterized by refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and disturbance in perception of body size denial of thinness a notable feature DSM-IV subtypes: restricting type - individual loses weight through diet, fasting, or excessive exercise binge-eating/purging type - individual engages in episodes of binge eating or purging, or both numerous negative medical consequences |
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DSM criteria for AN
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-refusal to maintain body weight at minimal level
-Intense fear of gaining weight/becoming fat when underweight -Undue influence of weight/shape on self-evaluation -Amenorrhea |
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bulimia nervosa
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-primary feature is recurrent binge eating
-binges are followed by either purging (self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics) or by non-purging compensation (fasting, excessive exercise) -as with anorexia, self-evaluation is greatly influenced by body shape and weight |
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DSM criteria for BN
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-Recurrent episodes of binge eating
-Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent wt gain -BE and compensatory behaviors occur at least twice/week for 3 months -Self-evaluation unduly influenced by wt/shape *Subtypes: purging and non-purging |
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prevalence of EDs
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-among female adolescents, estimated prevalence of anorexia is 0.3%, and bulimia is 1%
-both AN and BN are much more common among females -EDNOS: prevalence may be much higher than AN and BN E.g., BED affects approximately 3.1% of girls and 0.9% of boys |
