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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
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Capillaries
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cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals
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Grey matter
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axons
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White matter
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cerebral cortex with lower levels of brain or spinal cord
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Projection fibers
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connect two areas of cerebral cortex on same side of brain
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Association fibers
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connect same cortical regions on two sides of brain
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Commissural fibers
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primary location of commissural fibers
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Corpus callosum
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How many total Spinal nerves
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31
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how many Cervical
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8
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How many Thoracic
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12
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How many Lumbar
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5
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How many Sacral
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5
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how many Coccygeal
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1
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Motor coordination and balance
coordination of eye/body movements |
Cerebllum
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Connects forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord
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Brainstem
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connects to forebrain
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Midbrain
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connects to cerebellum
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pons
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connects to spinal cord
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medulla
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Creativity
Spatial perception |
Right brain specializations
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Logic
Analytical abilities Language |
Left brain specializations
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Inhibit unwanted movements
Selecting purposeful movements Postural support |
Basal Nuclei
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Automatic patterned response to a stimulus
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Reflexes
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Pateller tendon
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Stretch reflex
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Input to Motor Neurons
Afferents (as in reflexes) Pyramidal tract neurons Extrapyramidal tract neurons |
Pyramidal Tract
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All motor pathways outside pyramidal tracts
Supportive voluntary movement of the proximal extremities Indirect input to motor neurons Several pathways |
Extrapyramidal Tracts
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Upper motor neurons
Originate in primary motor cortex Direct input to motor neurons (some through interneurons) Most cross to contralateral side in medullary pyramids |
Pyramidal Tract
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Feedback control of motor function
Contributes to muscle tone Stores programs for remembered activities |
Motor coordination
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Feedback control of voluntary movements
Select purposeful over unwanted movements |
Basal Nuclei in Motor Control
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Genetic disorder of basal nuclei
-Loss of motor coordination -Increased involuntary motions -Advanced stages- loss of cognitive functions |
Huntington’s Chorea
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Disease of basal nuclei
-Lack of dopamine in substantia nigra -Rigidity- slow stiff movements -Involuntary movements or tremors -Stooped, shuffling gait -Difficulty initiating/stopping movements |
Parkinson’s Disease
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2 language areas
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WErnicke and broca's area
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Language comprehension
Wernicke’s aphasia |
Wernicke area
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Language expression
Broca’s aphasia |
Broca's area
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induces low wave sleep
adenosine (blocked by caffeene) |
Forebrain
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induces REM sleep
acetylcholine |
pons
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Fear
Anxiety |
Amygdala
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Anger
Aggression |
Hypothalamus
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Strong motivating emotion
centers contain dopamine can be addictive |
Pleasure
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acquisition of new information
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learning
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retention of information, skills, or thoughts
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memory
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Associate 2 stimuli
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Associate learning
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Habituation
Sensitization |
Non-Associative learning
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Implicit
Automatic response not requiring conscious effort Learned motor skills & behaviors Cerebellum involved |
Procedural Memory
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Explicit
Learned facts, events, & experiences Requires conscious effort for recall Hippocampus involved |
Declarative Memory
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Specialized nerve ending or separate cell that detects a sensory stimulus
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Receptor
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transducers.
They convert one type of energy into another type of energy. |
Receptors
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Conversion of stimulus energy
into electrical energy |
Transduction
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energy form of stimulus
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Modality
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Receptor function
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transduction
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modality for which receptor is specific; modality to which receptor is most sensitive
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Adequate stimulus
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Sensation produced by activation of more than one type of receptor
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Compound Sensations
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Change in membrane potential in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor
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Receptor Potentials
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Graded potential
Caused by opening/closing ion channels If greater than threshold, can generate action potentials |
Receptor Potentials
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Decrease in amplitude of receptor potential over time in presence of a constant stimulus
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Adaptation
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Corresponding decrease in frequency of action potentials
Decreases perception of stimulus |
Adaptation
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Specific neural pathway for each sense
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Lable line theory
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Single afferent neuron and all its receptor endings
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Sensory Unit
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All receptors are of the same type
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Sensory unit
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Region over which application of the adequate stimulus can produce a response in the afferent neuron
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Receptive Field
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2 things to look for when determining Coding for stimulus type
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Receptor type activated
Specific pathway |
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2 things to look for when determining Stimulus intensity
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Frequency of action potentials
Recruitment = Population coding |
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Stronger stimulus activates more receptors
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recruitment
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what to look for when determinig that Coding of Stimulus Location
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Based on receptive fields in somatic senses and vision
-Size of receptive field -Degree of overlap Lateral inhibition |
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associated with skin
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Somesthetic Sensations
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awareness of body’s position in space
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Proprioception
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Somatosensory Receptors
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Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors Nociceptors |
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Vibration (glabrous skin)
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Pacinian corpuscle
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Vibration (hairy skin)
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Meissner’s corpuscle
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Bending of hair
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Hair follicle receptor
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Pain; intense mechanical, thermal; specific chemicals
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Free nerve endings
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Superficial pressure
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Merkel’s disk
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Deep pressure
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Ruffini’s ending
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Rapidly-adapting Mechanoreceptors
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Pacinian corpuscle
Meissner’s corpuscle Hair follicle receptor |
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Slowly-adapting
Mechanorecptors |
Free nerve endings
Merkel’s disk Ruffini’s ending |
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Free nerve endings
Respond to temperatures from 30-43oC Increase frequency with increase in temperature |
Warm receptors
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Possible free nerve endings
Respond to temperatures from 35-20oC Increase frequency with decrease in temperature |
Cold recptors
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2 receptors of thermalreceptors
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warm and cold
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Free nerve endings
A delta or C fibers Mechanical Thermal Polymodal |
Nociceptors
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Dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway
Spinothalamic tract |
Somatosensory Pathways
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Sensation produced by tissue damaging stimulus or stimulus that can potentially cause tissue damage
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Pain response
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elicits sensation, autonomic responses, emotional responses
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pain
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depends on past experiences
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pain
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A delta fibers
Sharp pricking sensation Well localized |
Fast pain
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C fibers
Dull aching Poorly localized |
slow pain
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Pathway for pain: A delta or C
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Afferent
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spinothalamic tractv
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Specific Pathways
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to reticular formation, hypothalamus, limbic system
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Non-specific Pathways
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Pain originating in internal organs
Sensation “referred” to body surface |
Visceral Pain
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Perception of pain varies depending on circumstances and past experiences
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Modulation of Pain
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One neuron between CNS and effector organ
Motor neuron |
Somatic nervous system
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Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
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Neuromuscular Junction
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specialized muscle membrane at junction
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Motor end plate
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release acetylcholine
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all motor neruons
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are nicotinic cholinergic receptors
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Receptors on skeletal muscle cells
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Activation of motor neuron depends on
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summation of EPSPs/IPSPs
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Both branches of the autonomic nervous system innervate most effector organs
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Dual Innervation Of autonomic nervous system
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Primary function—regulate organs to maintain homeostasis
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Dural innervation of Autonomic nervous system
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rest
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parasympathetic nervous system
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flight or fight
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sympathetic nervous system
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What are the 2 nerurons in the CNS
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Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron |
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Communication from preganglionic to postganglionic neuron
Intrinsic neurons |
Autonomic ganglia
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Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle Glands Adipose tissue |
Effector organs
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most diverse of the glial cells, development of neural conncections
reg. developme and mantenance of synapses modulate synaptic activity remove neurotransmiiters clear glutamate |
Astroyctyes
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protect the central nervous sysem from foreign matter through phagoctyoss and release of cytokines
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microgilia
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Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
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Neuromuscular Junction
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specialized muscle membrane at junction
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Motor end plate
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release acetylcholine
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all motor neruons
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are nicotinic cholinergic receptors
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Receptors on skeletal muscle cells
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Activation of motor neuron depends on
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summation of EPSPs/IPSPs
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Both branches of the autonomic nervous system innervate most effector organs
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Dual Innervation Of autonomic nervous system
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Primary function—regulate organs to maintain homeostasis
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Dural innervation of Autonomic nervous system
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rest
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parasympathetic nervous system
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flight or fight
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sympathetic nervous system
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What are the 2 nerurons in the CNS
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Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron |
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Communication from preganglionic to postganglionic neuron
Intrinsic neurons |
Autonomic ganglia
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Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle Glands Adipose tissue |
Effector organs
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most diverse of the glial cells, development of neural conncections
reg. developme and mantenance of synapses modulate synaptic activity remove neurotransmiiters clear glutamate |
Astroyctyes
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protect the central nervous sysem from foreign matter through phagoctyoss and release of cytokines
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microgilia
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Possible free nerve endings
Respond to temperatures from 35-20oC Increase frequency with decrease in temperature |
Cold recptors
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2 receptors of thermalreceptors
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warm and cold
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Free nerve endings
A delta or C fibers Mechanical Thermal Polymodal |
Nociceptors
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Dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway
Spinothalamic tract |
Somatosensory Pathways
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Sensation produced by tissue damaging stimulus or stimulus that can potentially cause tissue damage
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Pain response
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elicits sensation, autonomic responses, emotional responses
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pain
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depends on past experiences
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pain
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A delta fibers
Sharp pricking sensation Well localized |
Fast pain
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C fibers
Dull aching Poorly localized |
slow pain
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Pathway for pain: A delta or C
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Afferent
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spinothalamic tractv
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Specific Pathways
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to reticular formation, hypothalamus, limbic system
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Non-specific Pathways
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Pain originating in internal organs
Sensation “referred” to body surface |
Visceral Pain
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Perception of pain varies depending on circumstances and past experiences
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Modulation of Pain
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One neuron between CNS and effector organ
Motor neuron |
Somatic nervous system
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thin layer of the gray matter
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cerebral cortex
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axons
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nerve fibers
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connect 1 region of gray matter to another
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nerve fibers
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connect the crebral cortex w/lower levels of the brain or the spinal cord
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projection fibers
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connect regions of the cortex w/gray matter in teh spinal cord
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corticospinal tracts
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connect 1 area of crebral cortex to another area of the cortex on teh SAME SIDE OF TEH BRAIN
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association fibers
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connect 2 regions known as Broca's area and Wernicke's area
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arcuate fasciculus
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connect cortical regions on 1 side of teh brain w/corresponding cortical regions on the otehr side
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commissural fibers
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commissural fibers are locatred in this band of tissue
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corpus callosum
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connect the 2 halves of the cerebrum
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cerebral hamisphers
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cylinder of nervous tissue that is continous w/the lower end of the brain and is surrounded by the vertebral column
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spinal cord
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nervs that emerge from the vertebral column in the neck region
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cervical nerves
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emerge in the cchest region
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thoracic nerves
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emerge in the region of the lower back
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lumbar nerves
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emerge from the region of teh tailbone or coccyx
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sacral nerves
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emerges from the tip of the coccyx
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coccygeal nerve
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served by a particular spinal nerve
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dermatomes
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emerge frm teh brain rather than from the spinal cord
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cranial nerves
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encompasses the dorsal half othe gray matter on either side, afferent fibers, sensory receptors
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dorsal horn
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concompasses the ventral half,efferent, form synapses w/skeletal msucles
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ventral horn
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bundles containing afferent axons
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dorsal roots
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bundles containing effeernt axons
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ventral roots
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contain both afferent and effernt axons
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mixed nerves
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transmit ifo from spinal cord to brain
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ascending tracts
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transmit info from brain to spinal cord
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descending tracts
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all tracts are
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bilaterals
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descending pathways that ransmit motor commands to efferent neruons on both sides of the spinal cord
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pyramidal tracts
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pahtway remains on the same side as its orgin
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ipsilateral
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pathway crosses to the side oppostie its orgin
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contralateral
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borebrain, crebellum, brainstem
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brain
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larges and most superior part of the brain, left and right halves, crebrum and diencephalon
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forebrain
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larg, roght c shaped stucture contain both gray and white matter. Gray= crebral cortex
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crebrum
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consists of the thalamus and hypothalaums, 2 midline stuctures located near the base of the forebrain
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diencephalon
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bialterally symmetrical structure, w/an outer cortex and inner nuclei. function in motr coordination and balance, feedback to morto systems to ensure smooth movements of the eyes and body
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crebellum
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caudalmost part of the brain and connects the forebrain and crebellum to the spinal cord
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brianstem
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most rostral portion, connect to the forebrain
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midbrain
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middle protion, connect to the crebellum
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pons
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most caudal portion, connects to the spinal cord
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medulla oblongata
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peripheral nerves the emanate directly from the brain rather than the spianl cord
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cranial nerves
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diffuse network of nuclei importnat ini sleep wake cycles arousal of cerebral cortex and consiciousness
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reticular formation
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most advanced area of the brain
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cerebral cortex
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cerebral hemispheres is divded into 4 regions
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lobes
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occipital lobe
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visual cortex
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temmporal lobe
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auditory cortex
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involved in the processing of somatic snesory info associated w/both surface sensation (touch,...awareness of msucle tensions and joint and limb positions
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primary somatosensory cortex
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involved in more complex processing that requires integratin diff. types of info
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assocaiton areas
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notable fro thier role in modifiying movement a
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basal nuclei
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cluster of nuceli
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thalmus
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regualt homeostatsis
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hypothamlmus
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divers collection fo closely associate cortical regions, function in learning and emotsion
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limbic system
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an automatic patterened response to a sensory stimulis
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reflex
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highest level of integration occurs in the spinal cord
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spianl reflexes
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invovle signals sent via somatic neurons to skeletal muscle
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somatic
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invovle signals sent via autonomic neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
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visceral, autonomic reflexes
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inbonr
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innate
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learned
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conditioned
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one 2 neurons and a single synaps
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monsynaptic
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contain more than 2 neruons and multiple synapses
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polysnaptic
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5 compartments
sensory receptor afferent neuron integration center (CNS) efferent neuron effector organ |
relfex arcs
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excites muscle spindles in that msucle, therby triggering action potentials that travel in afferent neurons to the spinal cord
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muscle spindle stretch reflex
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portion of the body is subjected to a painful stimulus, withdraws from the stimulus automatically
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withdrawal reflex
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respond to intense stimuli that are damaging to tissue
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nociceptors
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signals trigger contraction fo the extensor muscles and relaxation of teh flexor muscles in that leg, so that when the 1st leg is withdrawn in response to a pianful stimulus, other leg is extended to support the body
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crossed-extensor reflex
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efferent neurons orginate in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
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lower motor neruons
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direct pahways from the primary motro cortex to the spinal cord
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pyramidal tracts
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all motor control pahways outside the pyramidal system, indirect connections b/w the brain and spinal cord, influence muscles of the turnk, neck and proximal portions of the limbs
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extrapyramidal tracts
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stimultaneous transmission of the smae general type of info along sparate neural pathways
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parallel processing
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difficulty understnading lanugeage spoken or written, can speak words, but words make no sense
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wernicke's aphasia
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comprehend language and know what they want to say, but cannot make the correct sounds or wirte the correct word
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broca's aphasia
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decrease in response to a repeated stiumulus
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habituation
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increase in resonse to repeated stimulus
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sensitization
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memory of learned mootor skills and behaviors
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procedural memory
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memory of learned experiences, facts and events and otehr things that can be stated verbally
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declarative memory
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lmited ability to alter its anotmy and function in resonse to changes in its activity patterns
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plsiticty
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function of snesory receptors
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transduction
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conversion of one form of energy into another
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sensory transduction
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receptors convert the energy of a sensory stimulus into changes in membrane potentials
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receptor potentials, generator potentials
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response declines w/the passages of time
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adaptation
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adapt quiclky and thsu function best in detectin changes in stimulus intensity
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rapidly adapting, phasic receptors
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specific neural pathways that transmit info pertaining to a particular modality
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labeled lines
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single afferent neuron and all the receptors assocated with it
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sensory unit
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corresponds to the region containing recceptors for that afferent neuron
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receptive field
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precision with withch the loaction of a stimulus is perceived
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acuity
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stimulus that strongly excites receptors ina give loaction inhibits activint in the afferent pathway of other nerby recpetors
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lateral inhibition
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detect pressure, force or vibration
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mechanoreceptors
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detect temp
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thermoreceptoes
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dectect tissue damaging stimuli
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nociceptors
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transmit info from mechanoreceptors nd propriceptors
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dorsal-column medial lemniscal pathway
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dull and aching, transmitted by c fibers
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slow pain
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sharp, prickling sensation
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fast pain
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brain's ability to block pain
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analgesia
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neuron communticate with each other through synapses located in peripheral sturcutres
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autonomic ganglia
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neurons tha ttravel from the CNS to the ganglia
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preganglionic neurons
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neuron that travel from the ganglia to the effector organs
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postganglionic neurons
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neurons that release the more common of the 2 actylocholine,
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cholinerginc
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neurons that release norpinephrine
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adrenergic
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2 major classes of adrenergic receptor locatid in effector organs of the SNS
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alpha and beta receptors
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automatic hcanges inthe functions fo organs that occur in response to changing conditions w/in the body
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visceral relfexes
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each branch of a mortor neuron synapses w/ a skeletalmuscle fiber at a single highly specialized central region of teh fiber
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neuromuscluar junction
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axon terminals
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terminal boutons
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opposite terminal boutons is specialized region of teh muscle bier's plamsa membrane
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motor end plate
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