Ch.1 The Human Organism

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure.

Hint 1

Focuses on the structure of the body. Shape, location & relationship of the structures. Initially studied by dissection.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.

Hint 2

Focuses on how the body works, or it's function.

Front 3

Branches of Anatomy

Back 3

Embryology

Developmental biology

Cell biology

Histology

Gross anatomy

Systemic anatomy

Regional anatomy

Surface anatomy

Imaging anatomy

Pathological anatomy

Hint 3

Embr: The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.

Deve. bio: The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.

Cell bio: Cellular structure & functions.

Hist: Microscopic structure of tissues.

Gross anat: Structure that can be examined without a microscope.

Syst anat: Structure of specific systems of the body(nervous or respiratory systems).

Regi syst: Specific regions of the body(head or chest).

Surf. anat: Surface makings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization & palpation(gentle touch).

Imag anat: Body structure that can be visualized with techniques(x-rays, MRI, CT scan).

Path anat: Structural changes( gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

Front 4

Branches of Physiology

Back 4

Neurophysiology

Endocrinology

Cardiovascular physiology

Immunology

Respiratory physiology

Renal physiology

Exercise physiology

Pathophysiology

Front 5

Cytology

Back 5

Examines the structural features of cells.

Front 6

Embryology

Back 6

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.

Front 7

Histology

Back 7

Examines tissue, which are composed of cells & the materials surrounding them.

Front 8

Developmental anatomy

Back 8

Studies the structural changes that occur between conception & adulthood.

Front 9

Gross anatomy

Back 9

The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached either systemically or regionally.

Front 10

Systemic physiology

Back 10

Considers the functions of organ system.

Front 11

Pathology

Back 11

The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause & development of abnormal condition, as well as the structural & functional changes resulting from disease.

Front 12

Cardiovascular physiology

Back 12

Deals with the heart & blood vessels.

Front 13

Cell physiology

Back 13

Examines the processes occurring in cells.

Front 14

Neurophysiology

Back 14

Focuses on the nervous system.

Front 15

System

Back 15

A group of structures that have one or more common functions, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or muscular systems.

Front 16

Surface anatomy

Back 16

Involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body. Example: the sternum(breastbone) & part of the ribs can be seen & palpated(left) on the front of the chest.

Front 17

Anatomical imaging

Back 17

Uses radiography(x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), & other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.

Front 18

Organelles

Back 18

Small structures inside cells, formed by combined molecules. Example: the nucleus is an organelle that contains the cell's hereditary information, & mitochondria are organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate(ATP).

Front 19

Tissue

Back 19

Is composed of a group of similar cells & the materials surrounding them.

Front 20

Organ

Back 20

Is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.

Front 21

Organ system

Back 21

A group of organs that together perform a common functions or set of functions & are therefore viewed as a unit.

Front 22

Cells

Back 22

The basic structural & functional units of plants & animal.

Front 23

Levels of Organization for the Human Body

Back 23

1. Chemical level

2. Cell level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. Organ system level

6. Organism level

Hint 23

Chem. lev: involves interactions between atoms-atoms combine to form molecules.

Cell lev: combined molecules form organelles-the small structures inside cells.

Tiss. lev: a group of similar cells & surrounding material composes the tissue & determines the function of the tissue(the body is made up of four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous).

Orga. lev: one or more tissue type combined to compose an organ(heart, stomach, urinary bladder, & lung are some examples.

Orga sys: a group of organs that together perform a common function(11 major organ systems). Example: the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, & urethra.

Orgis. lev: any living things considered as whole-the human organism is network of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another.

Front 24

Anatomical anomalies

Back 24

Are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern.

Front 25

Exercise physiology

Back 25

Focuses on the changes in function & structure caused by exercise.

Front 26

Organism

Back 26

Any living thing considered as a whole-wether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

Front 27

Morphogenesis

Back 27

The change in shape of tissues, organs, & the entire organism.

Front 28

Characteristics of Life

Back 28

1. Organization

2. Metabolism

3. Responsiveness

4. Growth

5. Development

6. Reproduction

Front 29

Set point & Normal range

Back 29

Homeostasis mechanisms, such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point. These mechanism are not are not able to maintain body temperature precisely at the set point. Instead, body temperature increase or decrease slightly around the set point to produce a normal range of values.

Front 30

Variables

Back 30

Another name for conditions because their value can change(changes because of the bodies processes or temperature).

Front 31

Homeostasis

Back 31

The existence & maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly changing.

Front 32

Organ Systems of the Body

Back 32

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Lymphatic System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Cardiovascular System

Urinary System

Reproductive System(male or female)

Front 33

Differentiation

Back 33

Involves changes in a cell's structure & function from an immature, generalized structure to a mature, specialized state. Example: following fertilization, immature cells differentiate to become specific cell types, such as skin, bone, muscle, or nerve cells.

Front 34

Stimulus

Back 34

A changed variable that initiates a homeostatic mechanism.

Front 35

Positive-feedback

Back 35

T

Front 36

Negative-feedback

Back 36

Mechanism by which most systems of the body are regulated, which maintain homeostasis.

Hint 36

Components:

1. Receptor

2. Control Center

3. Effector