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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Patho
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Disease of cell and tissue
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Physiology
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Function of the body
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Pathophysiology
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The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that happen because of disease activity
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Biopsy
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tissue specimens for examination
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Autopsy
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examination after death
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Microscopic
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Can only be seen under a microscope
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Macroscopic
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Seen with the naked eye
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Disease usually involves the...
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Organ or System, macroscopic level
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Cellular changes are usually...
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Microscopic
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Idiopathic
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Cause of disease is unknown
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Iatrogenic
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A treatment or procedure that causes a disease (ex. chemotherapy causes hair to fall out)
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Etiology
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Cause
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Pathogenesis
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Progression of process
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Acute onset
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Fast
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Insidious onset
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Slow
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Acute Disease
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Less than 6 months
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Chronic Disease
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Longer than 6 months
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Subclinical
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pathological changes, but no S&S
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Stages of Disease:
Initial Latent Stage (Incubation) |
Disease 1st enters the body
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Stages of Disease:
Prodromal Stage (Non-specific Symptoms) |
Starting to feel "off" a little unwell
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Signs...
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Objective - evident to more than just the individual
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Symptoms...
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Subjective - what the individual states they are experiencing, not visible from another standpoint
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Convalescence
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Recovery period
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Lesion...
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Specific local changes in tissue, can be microscopic or macroscopic
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Mechanisms of Disease...
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Disturbances to homeostasis and the body's response are the basic mechanisms of disease
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What is the body's NORMAL pH level?
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7.35 - 7.45
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What constitutes an acidic pH?
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< Less than 7.35
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What constitutes an alkaline pH?
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> Greater than 7.45
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What are some risk factors for disease?
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Smoking
Diet Sun exposure No screening tests Lack of medical check-ups Ignoring lumps/bumps Use of hazardous chemicals |
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Epidemiology...
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The study of a disease in a given population
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Incidence
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The # of new cases in a population at a stated time
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Prevalence
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The # of new and established cases within a population at a stated time
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Mortality
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The # of deaths resulting from a particular disease
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Morbidity
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The disease rates within a group
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Epidemic
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Many cases of an infectious disease within a given area
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Pandemic
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High # of cases within regions and perhaps world wide
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Communicable
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Spread from one person to another
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Reportable
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MUST be reported to physician
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Atrophy
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get smaller
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Hypertrophy
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get bigger
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Hyperplasia
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Increase in #
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Metaplasia
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Cell is replaced by another mature cell
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Dysplasia
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Cell changes site > irregular cancer cells
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Anaplasia
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undifferentiated, can't tell what cell it is
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What can cause damage to cells?
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Ischemia (most common)
Physical agents Mechanical damage Chemicals Microorganisms Abnormal metabolites (ethanol in beer) Nutritional deficits Fluid & electrolyte imbalance |
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Apoptosis
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Programmed cell death, normal occurence
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Ischemia
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insufficient oxygen to the cells which interferes with cellular metabolism, leads to hypoxia
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Hypoxia
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reduced oxygen in tissue
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Necrosis
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cell death
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Liquefication necrosis
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dead cells liquify
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Coagulative Necrosis
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Dead cells coagulate
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Fat Necrosis
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Fatty tissue broken into fatty acids
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Caseous Necrosis
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Thick, yellow substance
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Infarction
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Area of dead cells b/c of lack of oxygen
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Gangrene
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Necrotic tissue invaded by bacteria
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Recessive genes
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Carried by both parents
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Dominant genes
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Carried by one parent
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Immobility
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Can affect all body systems
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Immobility = Musculoskeletal Effects
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Muscle loses strength & mass quickly
Tendons & ligaments shorten and lose elasticity Fibrous tissue replaces msucle cells Imparired venous return, decreases cardiac output Bone deterioration, leads to increased levels of creatinine & calcium |
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Too much Calcium =
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Weak muscles!
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Immobility = Cutaneous Effects
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Skin breakdown
Pressure ulcers |
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Immobility = Cardiovascular Effects
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Increased workload for the heart
Orthostatic Hypotension Increased capillary pressure & edema |
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Immobility = Respiratory Effects
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Respirations are slow & shallow
Chest expansion is restricted Gas exchange is decreased due to poor airflow Build up of secretions in airway |
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Immobility = GI Effects
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Constipation
Obesity |
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Immobility = Urinary Effects
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Stasis of urine in the kidneys
Infection & stones Bladder infections |
