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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Object to Interceptor distance OID |
How far the body part is from the image receptor Magnification increases with increased OID |
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Source to image distance SID |
How far the x Ray tube is from the image receptor Magnification decreases |
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Ethics |
Term applied to a health professionals moral responsibility and appropriate conduct towards others |
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Image receptor |
Photostimulable storage phosphor image plate (PAP IP) Cassette with film Photostimulable storage phosphor image plate (PAP IP)Solid-state digital detectors Fluoroscopic image receptor
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Cassette with film |
A device contains special intensifying screen that emit light when struck by X-rays and imprints the X-ray image on film. uses a dark room |
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Photostimulable storage phosphor image plate (PSP IP) |
A device used for computed radiography (CR) the IP stores much of the X-ray energy it receives for later processing viewed on a computer monitor or may be printed on film |
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Solid-state digital detectors (DR) |
Often referred to as digital radiography these solid-state detectors may be built into x-ray tables or upright wall units may be wired or tethered this is the fastest image acquisition system with image available in 6 seconds are less |
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Fluoroscopic image receptor |
The resulting images are viewed on a monitor and maybe saved a static images video recordings or video files |
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What happens to an image if there is not enough mAs |
It's too bright |
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What happens to an image if there's too much mAs |
It becomes too dark |
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Superimposition |
when bones appear over each other on an image use an angle to prevent this |
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Adjacent structures |
Including the next closest joint in the image to ensure it is present and properly shown |
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Optical density |
Degree of blackening when associated with radiographic film and as brightness when appearance on the digital display monitor |
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What is the primary controlling Factor for density |
mAs |
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For digital imaging the Optical density is automatically rescaled so what does mAs affect |
Patient radiation dose and image noise |
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What is the primary controlling factor of radiographic contrast |
kVp |
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Contrast |
The differences in greys A low contrast image displays many density levels in a high-contrast image displays few density levels |
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Spatial resolution |
Effects details it's controlled by geometry distance focal spot size motion film intensifying screen flat panel detector size IP phosphor |
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Magnification |
Magnification is caused by Moving away from the image receptor Magnification increases with OID and decreases SID |
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Shape distortion |
Controlled by the alignment of the central ray, anatomic part, IR and angulation When a bone is projected longer or shorter than it actually is |
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Lateral radiographs |
Patience right or left side placed against the IR the marker used is dependent on the side placed against the IR Usually the left |
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Diagnosing images |
Interpretation of images Beyond assessment of quality is outside the scope of practice for a radiographer |
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Where should you stand if you have to hold an obese patient |
A 90° angle to the central ray for maximum scatter protection |
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What will your x-rays be limited to on obese patients for mobile x-rays |
Chest and limbs |
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What is the use of a Bucky grid |
Minimize scatter radiation |
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What is a grid never used on |
Elbows ankles and leg projections for non-obese patients |
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What is the focal spot in an x-ray tube controlled by |
By the mA that is selected |
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Use of a small focal spot may be restricted to what |
Distal limbs because of the higher exposure techniques on obese patients |
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What is the only palpable Landmark on morbidly obese patients |
Jugular notch |
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What do standard precautions apply to |
Blood all body fluids secretions and excretions non-intact skin mucous membranes |
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Antiseptics |
Chemicals that inhibit the growth but do not kill pathogenic organisms such as alcohol, and hand sanitizer |
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germicides and disinfectants |
Chemical substances that kill pathogenic bacteria like diluted bleach disinfection is the process of killing only microorganisms that are pathogenic |
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Sterilization |
Is usually performed by means of heat or chemicals is the destruction of all microorganisms |
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How should needles be taken care of |
They should never be recapped bent broken or clipped |
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Procedures performed in the radiology department |
Cystography Spinal puncture angiography arthrography Intravenous urography |
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Three types of muscle tissues that affect motion |
Smooth involuntary Cardiac involuntary Striated voluntary |
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The rhythmic action of the muscular tissue is called |
Peristalsis |
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Involuntary motion is caused by |
Heart palpitations chill peristalsis Tremors spasms pain |
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Primary method of reducing involuntary motion is to |
Control the length of exposure time |
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Voluntary motion resulting from lack of control is caused by the following |
Nervousness discomfort excitability mental illness fear age breathing |
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How can you control voluntary motion from a patient |
Give clear instructions Providing patient comfort Adjusting support devices sponges Applying immobilization straps and tape Decreasing the length of exposure time is the best way |
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Radiolucent |
The X-ray can passed through it sponges and sand bags |
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When should a table pad not be used |
When the increased OID would result in unacceptable magnification such as radiography of Limbs |
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Age-specific competence |
Knowledge skills ability and behaviors that are essential for for providing Optimal Care to defined groups of patients neonatal pediatric adolescence geriatric |
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Neonate |
1 to 30 days |
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Geriatric |
68 years old |
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What must a radiograph include |
Date patient's name and ID number right or left markers institution identity |
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What is the most frequently used IR position |
Longitudinal |
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What is the SID used traditionally for most conventional exams |
40 inches can be increased to between 44 and 48 inches |
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At 30 inches how much more Anatomy is seen |
.5 inches more |
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What is the minimum Sid for a chest x-ray |
72 in can be up to 120 |
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SSD |
Source to skin distance |
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Source to image receptor distance is from what to what |
From the anode Focal spot inside the X-ray tube to the IR |
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The SSD shall not be less than ______ inches and should not be less than _______ inches |
12 inches and 15 inches |
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What two purposes do collimation search |
Minimize the amount of radiation to the patient Reduces the amount of scatter radiation that can reach the IR |
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What is most important aspect of producing an optimal image |
Collimation |
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What is the standard IR for fixed units |
17 x 17 |
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What happens if the kvp is too low |
Does not penetrate the part adequately and creates poor image quality Subjects the patient to an excessive dose |
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A higher kvp allows |
Significant reduction mAs which translates into a reduction in patient dose |
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Where should the body part be placed on the IR |
The center |
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When is a grid recommended |
Any body part 10 to 12 CM or thicker the kvp is above a certain level any exposure greater than 90 kvp |
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AEC |
Automatic exposure control |
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When should your techniques be adjusted |
They should be adjusted for pediatric emaciated obese patients |
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What primary factors must be taken into account when the correct Foundation technique is being established for each unit |
mAs kVp AEC SID part thickness grid CR digital IR collimation field dimensions electrical supply |
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The foundation Factor should be adjusted for every patients what |
Size Some patients have fine distant bony trabecular markings |
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Conditions that require a decrease in technical factors include |
Old age pneumothorax emphysema emaciation degenerative arthritis Atrophy |
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Conditions that require an increase in technical factors |
Pneumonia enter Pleural effusion Hydrocephalus Enlarged heart Edema Ascites |
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What does inspiration do |
Depresses the diaphragm and abdominal viscera lengthens and expands the lungs evolet elevates the sternum and pushes it anteriorly elevates the ribs and reduces their angle near the spine |
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What does expiration do |
Elevates the diaphragm and abdominal viscera shorten's the lung fields depresses the sternum and lowers the ribs and increases their angle near the spine |
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If a long motion and not rib motion is desired how should the patient breathe |
Slow deep breaths after a compression band has been applied across the chest |
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What controls the energy and penetrating ability of the X-ray beam |
kVp settings |
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According to the CDC what percentage of Americans are overweight obese or morbidly obese |
64% more than 72 million adults are obese and 6 million are morbidly obese |
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What percentage of children ages 6 to 9 are obese |
15% the number has tripled in the past 25 years |
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Why is over the table IR units popular with obese patients |
They have a much greater distance between the tube and the table |
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A BMI of 30 - 39.9 is classified as |
Obese |
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A BMI greater than 40 is classified as |
Morbidly obese approximately 100 pounds overweight |
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Without the proper equipment Radiology departments cannot examine patients who weigh over |
350 to 450 lb |
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Radiographic and fluoroscopy table weight limits have doubled to how many pounds |
700 |
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What position are morbidly obese patients imaged in if they can stand |
In an upright position the footboard should be removed on fluoroscopy tables |
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How are obese patients moved |
They are not lifted they are moved by sliding |
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How do you move an obese patient if sliding is not practical |
Use of high-capacity power lifts |
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Spatial resolution |
Ability to see small structures Caused by manipulating x-ray tube |
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Responsibilities of the radiographer |
Patient care knowledge of technical factors accurate positioning skills |
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Involuntary motion is caused by |
Chill peristalsis pain spasms heart pulsations tremors |
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Voluntary motion results from lack of control caused by |
Nervousness excitability just comfort fear mental illness breathing age |
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Ill or injured patients |
Move patients as little as possible Never lift a helpless patient alone and use good body mechanics when lifting Always support the head when lifting Flex knees and help lift patient for lower body moves Transfer patients with as many persons as possible |
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English metric conversion |
1 inch = 2.54 cm |
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Common film sizes |
8 x10in. 18 x 24cm 10 x 12 in. 24 x 30 cm 11 x 14 in. 30 X 35 cm 14 x 17 in. 35 x 43cm |
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What does sid effect |
Magnification recorded detail patient dose |
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When is a grid recommended |
For anybody part 10 to 12 CM or thicker and if the kvp is above a certain level |
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Pubic symphysis is how far from the jugular notch on patience |
< 5 feet 21 inches 5 - 6 ft 22in >6 feet 24 inches |
