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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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drug
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chemical used to diagnose, treat or prevent disease
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pharmacology
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the study of drugs and their interactions with the body
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4 main sources of drugs
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animal, minerals, plants, laboratory(synthetic)
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sources of drug info
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USP (United States Pharmacopeia)
Physicians Desck Reference WWW |
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Bioequivalence
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realtice therapuetic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs
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Bioassay
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test to ascertain a drugs availabiltiy in a biological model
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6 rights of medication administration
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RIGHT Medication RIGHT route
RIGHT dose RIGHT patient RIGHT time RIGHT documentation |
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teratogenic drug
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medication that may deform or kill the fetus
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free drug availability
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proprotion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects
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Pharmacokinetics
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how a drug is Absorbed, Distributed, metabolized( biotransformed), excreted; out of the body
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Pharmacodynamics
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how a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
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Active transport
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requires the use of energy to move a substance
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Carrier-mdeiated diffusion
or Facilitated diffusion |
process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane
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Passive transport
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movement of a substance without the use of energy
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diffusion
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movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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osmosis
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movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower soulute concentration to an area of ghigher solute concentration
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Bioavailability
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amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue
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Metabolism
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the body breaking down chemicals into different chemicals
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Biotransformation
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special name given to the metabolism of drugs
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Prodrug( Parent drug)
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medication that iis not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites
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First-pass effect
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the livers partial or complet inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systematic circulation
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Oxidation
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the loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increase the + charge onthe molecule
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Hydrolysis
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the breakage of a chemical bond be adding water or by incroporation a hydroxyl group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion into the other
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enternal route
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medication delivery through the GI tract
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Parenteral route
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medication delivery outside of the GI tract typically using needles
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Solution
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most common liquid prepartions, generally water base
ex: salt water |
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Tinctures
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prepared using alcohol extraction proces, some alcohol remains in the final drug preparation
EX: iodiine |
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Suspensions
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preparations in which the solid does not dissolve in the solvent, if left alone, the solid portion will separte
ex: activated charcoal |
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Emulsions
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suspensions with an ily substance in the solvent, even when well mixed, globules of il will seperate
ex: oil and water |
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Spririts
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soultion of a volatile drug in alcohol
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Elixirs
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alcohol and water solvent often with flavorings added to improve the taste
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Syrups
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sugar water and drug solutions
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4 types of drug actions
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1. Binds to a receptor site
2. Changes teh physical properties of the cell 3. Chemicall combines with other chemicals 4 alters a normal metabolic pathway |
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Receptor
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speicaled protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect
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Affinity
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force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
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Efficacy
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a drugs ability to casue the expected response
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Agonist
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a drug that binds to a receptor site and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Antagonist
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a drug that binds to a receptor site but does not cause it initiate the expected response
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Agonist-antagonist
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a drug that binds to a receptor site and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
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Competitive antagonism
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one drug binds to a receptor and cuase the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
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Non-competitive antagonism
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the binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding
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Irreversible antagonism
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a competitive antagonsit permanently binds with a receptor site.
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Iatrogenic
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a disease or response induce by the actions of a care provider
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Idiosyncrasy
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a drug effect unique to an individual, different in the general population
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Tolerance
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decreased response to the same amount of a drug after repeated administrations
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Cross Tolerance
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a tolerane for a drug that develops from a different drug
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Tachyphylaxis
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rpaidly occuring tolerance for a drug, typically occures with sympathetic drugs ex: decongestant and bronchodilation agents
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summation
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1+1=2 two drugs that have the same effect are given together
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synergism
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1+1=3 two drugs that have the same effect but when combined produce a greater repsonse
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potentiation
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one drug enhances the effect of another EX: Phenergan enhances morphine
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Interference
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the drugs interact with each other
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8 factors which affect drug response relationship
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age, body mass, sex, environment, time of admin. pathology, genetics, psychology
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biologic half-life
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time the body take to clear one half of a drug
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onset of action
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the time from admin until med. reaches its min. effective concentration
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minimum effective concentration
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min.level of drug needed to cause a given effect
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duration of action
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length of time the amount of drug remains above its min effect. concentration
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termination of action
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time from when drug level drops below min. effec. conc. until its eliminated
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therapuetic index
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ration of lethal dose for 50% of the pop. to its effective dose for 50% of the pop.
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2 major division of the nervouse system
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system |
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CNS
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervouse system
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all nervouse tiss outside CNS
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Autonomic Nervouse system
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control INvoluntart"automatic" functions
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Somatic Nervous System
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Control voluntary"motor" functions
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Sympathetic nervouse system
ParaSympathetic nervouse system nicknames |
fight or flight
feed or breed |
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Analgesic
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meds that relieve the sensation fo pain ex" opiod and non-opiod
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analgesia
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the absense of the sensation fo pain
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anesthesia
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the absence of all sensatino
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adjunct medication
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agent that enhance the effect of other drugs ex: bezodiazepines, lorazepam
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Neuroleptanesthesia
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anesthesia that combines decrease sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious
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GABA
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the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
(gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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3 types of seizures
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Partial; specific areas
Grand mal; loss of consc. violent seizing Absence. generlized but DONT have obvious convulsions; brief LOC |
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Schedule I drugs
Schedule II drugs |
HIgh abuse/ maly lead to severe dependence/ NO accepted med. indications::: same but some accepted med indications
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Schedule III drugs
Schedule IV drugs |
Less abuse than I & II/ moderate dependence/ accepted med indic.;
Same except less abuse than III |
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Schedule V drugs
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lower abuse than IV drugs/ may lead to limited phys. and pyshc dependence / accepted med indic.
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Controlled Subastance ACt of 1970 creat what?
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5 schedules of controlled substances
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