Ch. 9 Questions From Review

Front 1

Which of the following is NOT true regarding social control of cells?
•Human cells comprise a regulated “cellular society”
•Cell mechanisms control the birth and death rate of cells
•Genes control the birth and death rate of cells
•The goal of the society is the survival of the individual cells

Back 1

THE ANSWER IS D.

Front 2

What is the following is the correct name for cancer in humans?

Back 2

• Tumor
• Neoplasm
• Malignancy
• Carcinogenesis

Front 3

T/F Normal healthy cells display autonomy.

Back 3

False - Autonomy: the cell’s independence from normal cellular controls. Cells that disobey the social control mechanisms of normal cells proliferate to form tumors.

Front 4

What are the two main properties of cancer cells?

Back 4

Autonomy & Anaplasia (the loss of differentiation; they don’t become a specific type of cell, they just multiply, etc.).

Front 5

T/F Dividing cells are more prone to mutations.

Back 5

True

Front 6

The three main genetic mechanisms have a role in the development of tumors: 1. mutations resulting in hyperactive genes that stimulate growth 2. Loss of activity of genes that inhibit growth 3. Over-expression of genes that prevent apoptosis allowing continued growth of tumors.

Back 6

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Front 7

Which of the following describes oncogenes: 1. The genes that play a role in developing tumors 2. Mutated genes 3. genes that may cause a tumor to proliferate indefinitely 4. Genes that hyperactively stimulate growth.

Back 7

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Front 8

T/F The enzyme telomerase has been implicated in causing tumors to proliferate.

Back 8

True - Telomere – the DNA’s protein “cap”, which is present at the end of each chromosome
Normal Cells: The telomere shrinks each time the cell divides. When the telomere loses some of its length, the cell dies.
Immortal cancer cells, the enzyme telomerase adds nucleotides back to the telomere. The cells keep dividing.

Front 9

What is the process in which cells develop specialized organization, structure, and function of the tissue they constitute?

Back 9

Differentiation

Front 10

T/F Both normal cells and stem cells can develop into tumors.

Back 10

True

Front 11

Normal cells develop into cancer through what? (not good).

Back 11

Transformation

Front 12

During differentiation, certain genes (proto-oncogenes) are normally turned off. Re-activation of these genes can transform a well-differentiated cell to be less differentiated. Carcinogenic agents can mutate or reactivate these proto-oncogenes to cause cells to become less differentiated. What is this called?

Back 12

Transformation

Front 13

What are mutated genes that stimulate growth?

Back 13

Oncogenes

Front 14

What are genes that are normally turned off and then get turned back on by some carcinogenic agent through the process of transformation?

Back 14

Proto-oncogenes

Front 15

T/F Grade III tumors very closely resemble the tissue from which they originate.

Back 15

False - only Grade I closely resembles. The more they grow and divide, the more they lose their characteristics.

Front 16

What type of tissue are each of the following tumors derived from? Carcinoma -

Back 16

epithelial

Front 17

What type of tissue are each of the following tumors derived from? Sarcoma

Back 17

connective

Front 18

What type of tissue are each of the following tumors derived from? lymphoma

Back 18

lymphatic tissue

Front 19

What type of tissue are each of the following tumors derived from? Glioma

Back 19

Glial cells from the nervous system

Front 20

What type of tissue are each of the following tumors derived from? Leukemias

Back 20

bone marrow (blood forming tissue)

Front 21

Cancer cells are characterized by what?

Back 21

Local increase in cell number, Variation of cell shape and size, Loss of normal arrangement of cells.

Front 22

T/F Cancer cells have increased communication between cells.

Back 22

False

Front 23

T/F There are changes in cell junctions in cancer cells.

Back 23

True

Front 24

What happens to gap junctions in between cancer cells?

Back 24

carcinogens block gap junctions causing lack of communication

Front 25

What happens to plasmin during tumor cell invasion?

Back 25

activated in cancer cells, causing the degradation of the extracellular matrix during tumor cell invasion.

Front 26

What happens to anchoring junctions during tumor cell invasion?

Back 26

Normal cells do not divide unless they are anchored. Cancer cells display anchorage-independence. Without being anchored, they can continue to divide and metastasize and grow in new environments.

Front 27

T/F Cancer cells have lower metabolic demands, which is how they proliferate faster than normal cells.

Back 27

False – this is because they proliferate so rapidly. Cancer cells engage in anaerobic glycolysis even if oxygen is present. People rapidly lose weight when they have cancer because the cancer cells eat all of the energy.

Front 28

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cellular changes in cancer cells?
• In cancer cells, fibronectin is defective or broken down.
• Cancer cells grow and pile up on top of each other forming a multilayer.
• The nuclei of cancer cells are usually small and round.
• Cancer cells either need growth inducers to divide or produce their own growth factors.

Back 28

The answer is C.

Front 29

Rate the following skin cancers from least to most severe:
1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Basal cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma

Back 29

1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Basal cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
*** Cancer cells are more severe when they are deeper layers.

Front 30

What happens to plasmin during tumor cell invasion?

Back 30

activated in cancer cells, causing the degradation of the extracellular matrix during tumor cell invasion.

Front 31

What happens to anchoring junctions during tumor cell invasion?

Back 31

Normal cells do not divide unless they are anchored. Cancer cells display anchorage-independence. Without being anchored, they can continue to divide and metastasize and grow in new environments.

Front 32

T/F Cancer cells have lower metabolic demands, which is how they proliferate faster than normal cells.

Back 32

False – this is because they proliferate so rapidly. Cancer cells engage in anaerobic glycolysis even if oxygen is present. People rapidly lose weight when they have cancer because the cancer cells eat all of the energy.

Front 33

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cellular changes in cancer cells?
• In cancer cells, fibronectin is defective or broken down.
• Cancer cells grow and pile up on top of each other forming a multilayer.
• The nuclei of cancer cells are usually small and round.
• Cancer cells either need growth inducers to divide or produce their own growth factors.

Back 33

The answer is C.

Front 34

Rate the following skin cancers from least to most severe:
1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Basal cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma

Back 34

1. Squamous cell carcinoma
2. Basal cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
*** Cancer cells are more severe when they are deeper layers.