Ch 9 Lecture

Front 1

Define sterilizatiion

Back 1

The removal or destruction including bacteria, viruses, endospores etc. In or on an object.

Front 2

Name four types of disinfection

Back 2

1. UV light

2. heat

3. bleach

4. alcohol

Front 3

Define disinfection

Back 3

Use of physical/chemical agent (disinfection) to inhibit or destroy microorganism

Front 4

True or False: Does disinfection guarantee all pathogen will be gone.

Back 4

False

Front 5

What are the action of antimicrobial agents?

Back 5

--Damage to proteins and nucleic acids (protein function depends on 3D shape

-- Chemicals, radiation, and heat can alter or destroy nucleic acids

--Halt protein synthesis by acting on robozyme

Front 6

What are the physical methods of microbial

control.

Back 6

1. Exposure of the microbes to extremes of heat and cold

2. Desiccation

3. Filtration

4. Osmotic pressure

5. Radiation

Front 7

Define high temperature

Back 7

--denature proteins, decrease integrity of cell membrane/cell wall

--structure/function of nucleic acid

Front 8

What is thermal death point

Back 8

kills all cells in a broth in 10 minutes

Front 9

What is thermal death time

Back 9

Time to kill all cells in a volume of liquid at a set temperture

Front 10

Define boiling

Back 10

--Kill vegetative cells of bacteria, fungi,

protozoan, trophozoites, and most viruses

Front 11

True of False: Boiling will kill endospores

Back 11

False

Front 12

Define moist heat

Back 12

--Kills cells by denaturing proteins and

destroying cytoplasmic membranes

--it also use to disinfect, to sterizile, to sanitize, to pasteurize

Front 13

Give some examples of moist heat

Back 13

1. boiling

2. autoclaving

3. pasteurization

4. Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization

Front 14

True or False: water a better conductor than air.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Define autoclave

Back 15

--steam is heat released

--use both high temperature and high pressure to prevent steam from escaping, high boiling temperature

-- Autoclave conditions : 128degree celius, 15 psi at 15 minutes

Front 16

What is flash pasterization

Back 16

heating mild to 72 degree celius for 15 seconds

Front 17

Define pasteurization

Back 17

--used to kill pathogens in milk, ice cream,

yogurt, and fruit juices

--Not sterilization (heat-tolerant microbes

survive)

--Flash pastuerization

Front 18

Define dry heat

Back 18

--used for substances that can't tolerate moist heat.

--denatures proteins and oxidizes metabolic and structural chemical

-- incineration is ultimate means of sterilization

Front 19

Examples of dry heat

Back 19

1. powders

2. oil

3. metal object

Front 20

Temperature for dry heat

Back 20

171 degrees for 1 hours

Front 21

Define Refrigeration and Freezing

Back 21

--Decrease microbial metabolism, growth and reproduction

--Refrigeration halts the growth of most pathogens

--Slow freezing is more effective than fast freezing

--Organisms vary susceptibility to freezing

Front 22

What is Refrigerator and freezing temperature

Back 22

Refrigerator -0 to -7 degree celius

Freezing -<0 degree celius

Front 23

Define Filtration

Back 23

--passage fluid through a membrane designed to trap cell/viruses and separate for the fluid

Front 24

Define Radiation

Back 24

It a electron beams (high NGR).

-- good for killing

--good for thick meat

--spices

--dental/medical supplies

Front 25

True or False.: All types of radiation are either ionizing or nonionizing

Back 25

True

Front 26

Define Gamma rays

Back 26

It deeper than electron beam

--longer time

-- used for meats, spices, fruits and vegetable

Front 27

Define ionizing radiation

Back 27

--It wavelength is shorter than 1nm

--They have energy to eject electron from atoms, creating ions

--These ions disrupt H bonding, oxidize double covalent bonds, and create highly reactive

hydroxyl radical

--Radical denature other molecules (DNA)

--It the deepest, has a long time with less NRG

Front 28

Give and example of ionizing radiation.

Back 28

electron beam, gamma rays and some x-rays

Front 29

What are the two types of radiation?

Back 29

1. Particulate radiation-a high speed subatomic particles freed from their atom

2. Electromagnetic radiation- a energy without mass traveling in waves at the speed of light

Front 30

Define Nonionizing radiation

Back 30

It wavelenghts is greater than 1 nm. It also

excites electrons causing them to make new

covalent bond

Front 31

Give some example of nonionizing radiation

Back 31

UV light, visible light, infrared radiation, and

radio wave

Front 32

True or False: UV light is the only practical antimicrobial

Back 32

True

Front 33

Define UV light

Back 33

--Causes pyrimidine dimers in DNA

--Does note penetrate wall

--Suitable for disinfecting air, transparent fluids, and sufaces of object

Front 34

True or False: UV light bent DNA out of shape

Back 34

True

Front 35

What is the doctor name that spray wounds

Back 35

Lister

Front 36

What did Lister spray on the wound

Back 36

Phenol

Front 37

Chemical methods of microbial control does what?

Back 37

act to affect cell walls, cytoplasmic membrane, and proteins or DNA

Front 38

Give some example of Chemical that control

microbial

Back 38

--Phenolics

--Alcohols

--Halogents

--Oxidizing agent

--Surfactants

--Heavy metals

--Aldehydes

--Gaseous agent

Front 39

Define Phenolics

Back 39

It a compound derived from Phenol molecule that modified by addition of Halogens these are the Halogent (F,Cl, Br, I etc) F=fluorine, Cl=Chlorine, Br=Bromine and I= iodine

note I is a capital i.

Front 40

What are the disadvantage of Phenols

Back 40

--Bad odor and

side effects- skin irritant

Front 41

The advantage of using Phenols

Back 41

It denature proteins and disrupt cell membrane, remain active for a long period of time

Front 42

What it the action of Alcohol?

Back 42

It denature protein and disrupt cytoplasmic membrane

Front 43

Do not use Alcohol on

Back 43

Fungal spores or endospores

Front 44

Give an example of Alcohol

Back 44

Isopropanol alcohol(rubbing alcohol) and Ethanol alcohol (drinking alcohol)

Front 45

What is the disadvantage of Alcohol

Back 45

It evaporate rapidly might not contact bacteria long enough

Front 46

True or False: Alcohol is more effective than soap and water. When use to remove bacteria from hands.

Back 46

True

Front 47

Define Halogens

Back 47

--It an intermediate level antimicrobial

--It has four very reactive nonmetallic chemical elements iodine, chlorine,bromine and fluorine.

--It damage proteins by denaturation

Front 48

Give example of Halogen applications or uses

Back 48

iodine tablets, iodophor (betadine), chlorine treatment, bromine disinfectant (hot tub), fluoride in H2O and tooth paste.

Front 49

Define oxidizing agents

Back 49

-- kill by oxidizing enzymes

--High level disinfectant and antiseptics

--release oxygen radicals (h2O2) peroxide

Front 50

Give examples of oxidizing agents

Back 50

Peroxides, ozone and peracetic acid

Front 51

Describe the effects of H2O2, Ozone, and

Peracetic acid

Back 51

H2O2=Peroxide, cand disinfects and sterilize surface.

Ozone= (O3) can be used to for H2O treatment (Canada)

Peracetic acid= is a sporicde used to sterilze equipment

Front 52

What substance can neutralize H2O2

Back 52

Catalase (an enzyme that is released from

human cell)

Front 53

Define Surfactants

Back 53

--"surface active" chemicals that reduce the

suface tension of solvents.

--

Front 54

Names some common surfactants

Back 54

soap and detergent

Front 55

True or False: Soaps have hydrophobic and

hydrophilic ends, good degerming agent

Back 55

True

Front 56

True or False: Detergents are positively charged organic surfactants

Back 56

True

Front 57

Define Heavy metals

Back 57

--It combine with sulfur in the amino acid

cysterine and denatures proteins

--low level bacteristatic and fungistatic agents

Front 58

Give some examples of heavy metals

Back 58

--1% silver nitrate

--Themerosal

--Cooper

Front 59

What are these heavy metal used for.

1% silver nitrate

Themerosal

Cooper

Back 59

--1% silver nitrate used to put in baby eyes. To treat baby for gonorrhea from birth canal.

--Themerosal is used to preserve vaccines

--Cooper is used for algae growth interfere with chlorphyll

Front 60

Define Aldehydes

Back 60

--It a compounds containing terminal--CHO groups

--It cross-link functional groups to denature proteins and inactivate nucleic acids

Front 61

Give some example of Aldehydes and it uses

Back 61

--Glutaroldehyde- (liquid) 2% solution, kill

bacteria, fungi, and viruses

--Formalin- Pathology embalming agent (37%) disinfect hospitals. Mortician use Formalin

dissolved in H2O to make 37% solution.

Front 62

Define Gaseous agents

Back 62

--It a closed chamber containing high reactive microbial and sporicidal gases (ethylene

oxide,propylene oxide and beta-propiolactone)

--It denature proteins and DNA by cross-linking organic functional group

Front 63

What are gaseous agent used for

Back 63

-- used for pillows, mattresses, electronic equipment etc.

--used in hospitals, dental offices, NASA

--used to prevent export of Earth microbes

Front 64

Disadvantages of gaseous agent

Back 64

-- toxic to people

--explosive

Front 65

Define Enzymes

Back 65

--Antimicrobial enzymes that act against

microbes

--Use to control microbes in the environment

Front 66

Name two types of enzymes

Back 66

Lysozyme and Prionzyme

Front 67

what is Lyozyme?

Back 67

--It is in the human tears, it a antimicrobial enzymes to fight microorganism. It digest the bacteria cell wall.

Front 68

What is Prionzyme?

Back 68

--It is used in cheese, wine production

--It is use to treat mad cow disease (Prions) use to remove Prions.

Front 69

Define Antibiotic

Back 69

--Antibiotics and semisynthetic and synthetic chemicals are antimicrobials agent

-- used to treat disease

Front 70

Name some antibiotics

Back 70

Penicillin

Front 71

What is the effects of synthetic antimicrobial

Back 71

--semisynthetic (altered antibiotics)

--synthetic is human made

--used to treat diseases not for environment control

Front 72

Give an example of semisynthetic antibiotic

Back 72

Methicillin