Ch 9 - Gi System

Front 1

absorptive cells

Back 1

cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food

Front 2

adventitia

Back 2

the muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

Front 3

ampulla of Vater

Back 3

opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct drain

Front 4

anal canal

Back 4

the short tube at the end of the rectum that contains two circular sphincters (internal and external), which help regulate the passage of stool

Front 5

anus

Back 5

the distal orifice of the alimentary canal, where stool passes from the body

Front 6

appendicitis

Back 6

inflammation of the apendix

Front 7

ascending colon

Back 7

one of four portions of the colon, it extends upward from the cecum

Front 8

bile

Back 8

a digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Front 9

cecum

Back 9

the blind sac at the beginning of the large intestine

Front 10

chemical digestion

Back 10

digestion of food by enzymes in the stomach and small bowel

Front 11

chief cells

Back 11

cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food

Front 12

cholecystitis

Back 12

symptoms from cholelithiasis; also called a gallbladder attack (the presence of gallstones)

Front 13

cholecystokinin

Back 13

a hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions and inhibits gastric activity

Front 14

cholelithiasis

Back 14

the presence of gallstones

Front 15

chyme

Back 15

a semi-liquid mass formed in the stomach by churned food mixed with digestive juices

Front 16

chymotryopsin
-and-
carboxypeptidase
-and-
trypsin

Back 16

a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins (3 of these)

Front 17

colon
-
large intestine

Back 17

a portion of the GI system extending from the small intestine to the rectum that maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water (2 names)

Front 18

colonoscope

Back 18

a fiberoptic scope used in the visual examination of the colon

Front 19

crypts

Back 19

tubular glands located in the colon, which contain many mucous-producing goblet cells

Front 20

cystic duct

Back 20

the route through which the gallbladder releases bile

Front 21

descending colon

Back 21

one of four portions of the colon, it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

Front 22

disaccharidases

Back 22

enzymes that break down sugars

Front 23

diverticuli

Back 23

weakened areas (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon

Front 24

diverticulitis

Back 24

inflammation of diverticulli

Front 25

duodenojejunal flexure

Back 25

the sharp bend in the small intestine between the duodenum and the jejunum

Front 26

duodenum

Back 26

the first of three sections of the small intestine, it extends posteriorly from the stomach and forms a 180-degree arch within the abdomen

Front 27

endocrine cells

Back 27

cells in the stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones

Front 28

esophageal hiatus

Back 28

an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

Front 29

esophageal sphincters

Back 29

two muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate movement of material into and out of the esophagus

Front 30

esophagus

Back 30

the expandable hollow tube through which partially digested food passes from the mouth to the stomach

Front 31

flatus

Back 31

gas within the colon

Front 32

fundus

Back 32

the bottom of a hollow organ, except in the case of the stomach where it is at the top.

Front 33

gallbladder

Back 33

a saclike organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile

Front 34

gallstones

Back 34

rigid stones formed by digestive enzymes within the gallbladder

Front 35

gastric inhibitory peptide

Back 35

a hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility

Front 36

gastric pits
-
invaginations

Back 36

numerous pits in the stomach mucosa (2 names)

Front 37

gastrin

Back 37

a hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increases stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying

Front 38

gastriris

Back 38

irritation of the stomach often caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells

Front 39

gastroesophageal opening

Back 39

the opening from the esophagus to the stomach

Front 40

goblet cells

Back 40

cells that produce a protective mucus lining

Front 41

haustra

Back 41

recesses in the colon caused by contractions of the teniae coli

Front 42

hemorrhoidal plexus

Back 42

large veins that line the inside of the anal canal

Front 43

hemorrhoids

Back 43

abnormal dilation of veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

Front 44

hepatic flexure

Back 44

the first turn (sharp left turn near the inferior border of the liver) in the large intestine at the end of the ascending colon and the beginning of the transverse colon

Front 45

hepatoportal system

Back 45

a specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from the intestine through the liver for processing

Front 46

hiatal hernia

Back 46

a weakening in the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may result in acid reflux, causing heartburn

Front 47

hydrochloric acid

Back 47

an acid produced by the parietal cells in the stomach that aids in digestion

Front 48

ileocecal junction

Back 48

the junction between the ileum and large intestine

Front 49

ileum

Back 49

the last portion of the small intestine, which extends from the jejunum to the ileocecal valve at the beginning of the large intestine

Front 50

intrinsic factor

Back 50

the chemical substance produced by parietal cells that is important in the absorption of B12

Front 51

jejunum

Back 51

the middle potion of the small intestine, it has thicker walls and more folds than the other portions of the small intestine

Front 52

lacteal

Back 52

a capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus

Front 53

lipases

Back 53

pancreatic enzymes that break down fat

Front 54

liver

Back 54

a large abdominal organ that secretes bile into the gallbladder, it is the largest internal organ of the body

Front 55

lumen

Back 55

the opening of a vessel

Front 56

mastication

Back 56

chewing

Front 57

McBurney's point

Back 57

an anatomic landmark in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen that typically represents the location of pain associated with appendicitis

Front 58

mechanical digestion

Back 58

chewing of food

Front 59

mesenteries

Back 59

parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the organs

Front 60

motility

Back 60

the motion of substances through the digestive tract

Front 61

mucosa

Back 61

the innermost lining of the lumen of each potion of the alimentary canal; rich in glands, lymphatic tissue, and blood vesicles

Front 62

normal flora

Back 62

bacteria that are located in the colon and help in the digestion of food

Front 63

omental bursa

Back 63

a cavity created by a double fold of mesentery, which extends inferiorly from the stomach

Front 64

pancreas

Back 64

an elongated organ located in the left-upper quadrant, within the C-shaped loop of the small intestine, it secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

Front 65

pancreatic duct

Back 65

the duct through which digestive enzymes pass on their way through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater

Front 66

parietal cells

Back 66

cells in the gastric mucosa that produce hydrochloric acid

Front 67

parietal peritoneum

Back 67

a smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines the abdominal cavity

Front 68

parotid gland
-
sublingual glands
-
submandibular glands

Back 68

three salivary glands

Front 69

pepsin

Back 69

the enzyme formed from the exposure of pepsinogen to hydrochloric acid that is important in the initial breakdown of proteins

Front 70

pepsinogen

Back 70

an enzyme produced by the chief cells that is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Front 71

peptic ulcer disease

Back 71

a condition in which parts of the stomach and duodenal lining are eroded by stomach acid

Front 72

peptidases

Back 72

enzymes that break down proteins

Front 73

peristalsis

Back 73

the process of contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the alimentary tract that serves to propel food through the system

Front 74

peritoneum

Back 74

a two-layer smooth membrane of connective tissue that surrounds a group of digestive organs within the abdomen

Front 75

peritonitis

Back 75

a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity

Front 76

Peyer's patches

Back 76

intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum

Front 77

plicae circulares

Back 77

circular folds that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract and increase the surface area available for absorption

Front 78

pyloric sphincter

Back 78

the thick ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric opening

Front 79

rectum

Back 79

the distal portion of the large intestine, ending at the anal canal

Front 80

reflux esophagitis

Back 80

the back flow of stomach acid into the esophagus; also called heartburn

Front 81

retroperitoneal space

Back 81

an area behind the parietal peritoneum that contains the kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, and major blood vesicles of the abdominal cavity

Front 82

rugae

Back 82

thick folds of the stomach wall

Front 83

saliva

Back 83

the fluid produced by the salivary glands that helps break down starches and other polysaccharides into simple sugars, washes the oral cavity, and helps weaken bacteria

Front 84

salivary amylase

Back 84

the primary enzyme in saliva

Front 85

secretin

Back 85

a hormone produced by the duodenum that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the production of alkaline pancreatic secreations

Front 86

serosa

Back 86

the outer lining of the bowel

Front 87

sigmoid colon

Back 87

one of four portions of the colon, it extends from the descending colon and forms an S-shaped tube that extends into the pelvis and ends at the rectum

Front 88

sphincter

Back 88

a ring of muscle that surrounds an opening, allowing for contraction or closing

Front 89

splenic flexure

Back 89

the second sharp turn in the large intestine, connecting the transverse colon to the descending colon

Front 90

stomach

Back 90

an expandable organ located in the left-upper quadrant, below the diaphragm

Front 91

submucosa

Back 91

the lining next to the mucosa in the GI system that contains blood vessels and lymphatic channels

Front 92

teniae coli

Back 92

a portion of the longitudinal muscle layer of the wall of the large intestine that encircles the colon

Front 93

transverse colon

Back 93

one of four portions of the colon, it extends from the hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the splenic flexure

Front 94

vermiform appendix

Back 94

an appendage attached to the end of the cecum that contains large numbers of lymph nodes

Front 95

villi

Back 95

fingerlike projections in the plicae circulares

Front 96

visceral peritoneum

Back 96

a smooth membrane of connective tissue that lies in close contact with the organs in the peritoneal cavity