Ch 9 Cell Communication

Front 1

Receptor: changes conformation to allow substances channel down concentration gradient

Back 1

channel-linked receptor

Front 2

Receptor: a coupled one, not an enzyme, but bound to one that can hydrolyze GTP to GDP

Back 2

G-Protein coupled receptor

Front 3

Receptor: causes the phosphorylation of proteins

Back 3

enzymatic receptor

Front 4

Receptor: binds to hydrophobic ligands

Back 4

intra (inner) cellular receptor

Front 5

Receptor: Estrogen, Progesterone, Nitric Oxide, and Vitamin D can bind to a

Back 5

intracellular receptor

Front 6

Receptor: Insulin, light, and extracellular growth factor can bind to

Back 6

Membrane receptor

Front 7

Alpha subunit of G-protein activated by

Back 7

replacing GDP with GTP

Front 8

the cellular response to ligand is made through the combo of

Back 8

calcium and calmodulin

Front 9

When acetylcholine receptor sites aren't occupied, the sodium channel remains

Back 9

closed

Front 10

When acetylcholine binds to the receptor sites, the sodium channel remains

Back 10

open

Front 11

How does a sodium ion (Na+) enter an opened cell channel in an sodium potassium (Na-K) pump?

Back 11

Na-K pump has previous high concentration on outside of the cell from diffusion of sodium ions

Front 12

nicotine is chemically similar to the acetylcholine, which means the sodium channel

Back 12

opens

Front 13

Lipid soluble hormones diffuse through the

Back 13

cell membrane

Front 14

the advantage of a signaling molecule entering a cell, binding, and activating a receptor to induce DNA transcription is

Back 14

quick gene expression

Front 15

intracellular receptors are found

Back 15

in the cytoplasm/nucleus

Front 16

extracellular receptors are found ... the cytoplasm or nucleus

Back 16

outside

Front 17

gene expression steps

Back 17

1. Hormones cross plasma membrane and bind to cytoplasmic receptors2. Hormone binding after receptor conformation to avoid binding of inhibitor3. Hormone-receptor complex translocates to nucleus4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, which can also turn on/off transcription5. cellular response is change in gene expression.

Front 18

Proteins: Epinephrine binding to its receptor activates a

Back 18

G protein

Front 19

How can epinephrine have different effects on cells?

Back 19

Different cells have different receptors, and can activate different enzymes to bind epinephrine.

Front 20

acetylcholine causes a slow heart beat through an enhancement from a mutated

Back 20

G-protein, and any inhibitors of its phosphotase activity

Front 21

cAMP isn't considered a second messenger because it's made from

Back 21

ATP

Front 22

Epinephrine binds to the cell membrane of liver cells using a

Back 22

Beta-adrenergic receptor

Front 23

Epinephrine binds to protein kinase A and activates

Back 23

G protein

Front 24

when epinephrine activates a G protein, it also activates

Back 24

adenylyl cyclase

Front 25

Signaling: if epinephrine is produced by central nervous system, it's a part of

Back 25

endocrine signaling

Front 26

cAMP is produced by

Back 26

the action of adenylyl cyclase

Front 27

cAMP is synthesized

Back 27

from ATP

Front 28

cAMP acts as a

Back 28

second messenger in many different cell types

Front 29

Epinephrine elicits/cause a system wide response through

Back 29

Oxidation of glucose to make ATP needed for muscle contractions.

Front 30

angina pain is treated with

Back 30

nitroglycerine

Front 31

Proteins: A single cell surface receptor can activate many ...

Back 31

G proteins

Front 32

To conversion of ATP to cAMP is catalyzed by the enzyme ...

Back 32

adenylyl cyclase

Front 33

Theenzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of

Back 33

glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate

Front 34

Intracellular receptors bind to n... sequences

Back 34

nucleotide

Front 35

Easiest cell signaling molecule to cross cell membrane

Back 35

small and lipid soluble

Front 36

Intracellular receptors usually contain binding sites for

Back 36

both DNA and signaling molecules

Front 37

The enzyme ... adds phosphates to specific proteins

Back 37

a-kinase

Front 38

Binding of a signal molecule to a cell surface receptor activates a G protein, which also activates

Back 38

phospholipase C

Front 39

signal receivers that act as enzymes and regulators of gene expression are

Back 39

receptors

Front 40

Gene regulation step 1

Back 40

Hormones cross plasma membrane and bind to cytoplasmic receptors

Front 41

Gene regulation step 2

Back 41

Hormone binding after receptor conformation to avoid binding of inhibitor

Front 42

Gene regulation step 3

Back 42

Hormone-receptor complex translocates to nucleus

Front 43

Gene regulation step 4

Back 43

Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, which can also turn on/off transcription

Front 44

Gene regulation step 5

Back 44

cellular response is change in gene expression.

Front 45

Receptors: phosphorylation changes other protein functions of cell through the

Back 45

kinase receptor

Front 46

a kinase receptor stuck in the "on state" causes cancer through

Back 46

overgrowth of corrupted cells

Front 47

when a protein becomes phosphorylated, it

Back 47

changes function

Front 48

Kinase mechanism 1: the removal of phosphate is

Back 48

dephosphorylation

Front 49

Kinase mechanism 2: destruction of an enzyme or response protein is caused by

Back 49

internalize by endocytosis

Front 50

If a receptor "turns on" its link, G protein, this means G protein functions as a

Back 50

switch

Front 51

Cells: Ca2+ stimulates muscle contractions to

Back 51

skeletal cells

Front 52

Cells: Ca2+ stimulates hormone secretion to

Back 52

endocrine cells

Front 53

Production and Secretion: Epinephrine causes

Back 53

glucose production and liver secretion.

Front 54

Oxygen is given through increased

Back 54

respiration and blood flow.