Ch 9 Cardiovascular System Vocab

Front 1

anastomosis

anastom-osis

Back 1

Surgical connection between blood vessels or the joining of one hollow tubular organ to another.

Front 2

aneurysm

Back 2

Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel.

Front 3

angina pectoris

angin (a) pector-is

Back 3

Chest pain that occurs when diseased blood vessels restrict blood flow to the heart. It is often referred to as angina. The pain can radiate to the neck, jaw, or left arm. It is often described as a crushing, burning, or squeezing sensation.

Front 4

angiocardiography (ACG)

angi/o-cardi/o-graphy

Back 4

Video x-ray technique used to follow the passage of blood through the heart and great vessels after an intravenous (IV) injection of a radiopaque contrast substance; used to evaluate a patient for cardiovascular (CV) surgery.

Front 5

angiogram

angi/o-gram

Back 5

X-ray record of the size, shape, and location of the heart and its blood vessels after the introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium.

Front 6

angioma

angi-oma

Back 6

Tumor of a blood vessel

Front 7

angioplasty

angi/o-plasty

Back 7

Surgical repair of a blood vessel(s) or a nonsurgical technique for treating diseased arteries by temporarily inflating a tiny balloon inside an artery.

Front 8

angiostenosis

angi/o-sten-osis

Back 8

Pathological condition of the narrowing of a blood vessel.

Front 9

arrhythmia

a-rrhythm-ia

Back 9

Irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also dysrhythmia.

Front 10

arterial

arter/i-al

Back 10

Pertaining to an artery.

Front 11

arteriosclerosis

arteri/o-scler-osis

Back 11

Pathological condition of hardening of arteries. Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) is hardening of the coronary arteries.

Front 12

arteritis

arter-itis

Back 12

Inflammation of an artery.

Front 13

artificial pacemaker

Back 13

Electronic device that stimulates impulse initiation within the heart. It is a small battery-operated device that helps the heart beat in a regular rhythm.

Front 14

atheroma

ather-oma

Back 14

Tumor of an artery containing a fatty substance.

Front 15

atherosclerosis

ather/o-scler-osis

Back 15

Pathological condition of the arteries characterized by the buildup of fatty substances (cholesterol deposits and triglycerides) and hardening of the walls.

Front 16

atrioventricular (AV)

atri/o-ventricul-ar

Back 16

Pertaining to the atrium and the ventricle.

Front 17

auscultation

auscultat-ion

Back 17

Method of physical assessment using a stethoscope to listen to sounds within the chest, abdomen, and other parts of the body.

Front 18

automated external defibrillator (AED)

Back 18

Portable automatic device used to restore normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest. An AED is applied outside the body. It automatically analyzes the patient's heart rhythm and advises the rescuer whether a shock is needed to restore a normal heartbeat. If the patient's heart resumes beating normally, the heart has been defibrillated.

Front 19

bicuspid

bi-cuspid

Back 19

Valve with two cusps; pertaining to the mitral valve.

Front 20

bradycardia

brady-card-ia

Back 20

Abnormally slow heartbeat defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute.

Front 21

bruit

Back 21

Pathological noise; a sound of venous or arterial origin heard on auscultation.

Front 22

cardiac

cardi-ac

Back 22

Pertaining to the heart.

Front 23

cardiac arrest

Back 23

Loss of effective heart function, which results in cessation of the functional circulation. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) results in sudden death.

Front 24

cardiologist

cardi/o-log-ist

Back 24

Physician who specializes in the study of the heart.

Front 25

cardiology

cardi/o-logy

Back 25

Study of the heart.

Front 26

cardiomegaly

cardi/o-megaly

Back 26

Enlargement of the heart.

Front 27

cardiomyopathy

cardi/o-my/o-pathy

Back 27

Disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability. It can be caused by multiple factors including viral infections.

Front 28

cardiopulmonary

cardi/o-pulmon-ary

Back 28

Pertaining to the heart and lungs (H&L).

Front 29

cardiotonic

cardi/o-ton-ic

Back 29

A class of medication that is used to increase the tone (pumping strength) of the heart.

Front 30

cardiovascular (CV)

cardi/o-vascul-ar

Back 30

Pertaining to the heart and small blood vessels.

Front 31

cardioversion

cardi/o-vers-ion

Back 31

Medical procedure used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. An electrical shock is delivered to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. The electrical energy can be delivered externally through electrodes placed on the chest or directly to the heart by placing paddles on the heart during an open chest surgery.

Front 32

cholesterol (chol)

chol/e-sterol

Back 32

A normal soft, waxy substance found among the lipids (fats) in the blood stream and all body cells. It is the building block of steroid hormones, but it is dangerous when it builds up on arterial walls and can contribute to the risk of coronary heart disease.

Front 33

circulation

circulat-ion

Back 33

The moving of the blood in the veins and arteries.

Front 34

claudication

claudicat-ion

Back 34

Literally means process of lameness or limping. It is a dull, cramping pain in the hips, thighs, calves, or buttocks caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, due to narrowed arteries. It is one of the symptoms in peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Front 35

constriction

con-strict-ion

Back 35

Process of drawing together, as in the narrowing of a vessel.

Front 36

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Back 36

Surgical procedure to assist blood flow to the myocardium by using a section of a saphenous vein or internal mammary artery to bypass or reroute blood around an obstructed or occluded coronary artery, thus improving blood flow and oxygen to the heart.

Front 37

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Back 37

Most common form of heart disease; also referred to as coronary artery disease (CAD), it is the term for the narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. It is a progressive disease that increases the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and sudden death.

Usually results from the buildup of fatty material and plaque (atherosclerosis). As the coronary arteries narrow, the flow of the blood to the heart can slow or stop. Blockage can occur in one or many coronary arteries.

Front 38

cyanosis

cyan-osis

Back 38

Abnormal condition of the skin and mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood. The skin, fingernails, and mucous membranes can appear slightly blue or gray.

Front 39

defibrillator

Back 39

Medical device used to restore a normal heart rhythm by delivering an electric shock; also called a cardioverter.

Front 40

diastole

Back 40

Relaxation phase of the heart cycle during which the heart muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood.

Front 41

dysrhythmia

dys-rhythm-ia

Back 41

Abnormality of the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. It is caused by a disturbance of the normal electrical activity within the heart and can be divided into two main groups: tachycardias and bradycardias. Dysrhythmia is also referred to as an arrhythmia.

Front 42

echocardiography

ech/o-cardi/o-graphy

Back 42

Noninvasive ultrasound used to evaluate the heart for valvular or structural defects and coronary artery disease.

Front 43

electrocardiograph

electr/o-cardi/o-graph

Back 43

Medical diagnostic device used for recording the electrical impulses of the heart muscle.

Front 44

embolism

embol-ism

Back 44

Pathological condition caused by obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or a blood clot.

Front 45

endarterectomy

end-arter-ectomy

Back 45

Surgical excision of the inner portion of an artery.

Front 46

endocarditis

endo-card-itis

Back 46

Inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart). It typically occurs when microorganisms, especially bacteria from another part of the body such as the gums/teeth, spread through the bloodstream and affect heart valves and other important structures of the cardiovascular system. Treatments for endocarditis include antibiotics and, in severe cases, surgery.

Front 47

endocaridum

endo-cardi-um

Back 47

Inner lining of the heart.

Front 48

extracorporeal circulation (ECC)

extra-corpor-eal circulat-ion

Back 48

Pertaining to the circulation of the blood outside the body via a heart-lung machine or in hemodialysis.

Front 49

fibrillation

fibrillate-ion

Back 49

Quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers, an abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in neuropathies and myopathies; disorganized pathological rhythm that can lead to death if not immediately corrected.

Front 50

flutter

Back 50

Pathological rapid heart rate that may cause cardiac output (CO) to be decreased. With atrial flutter, the heartbeat is 200-400 beats per minute. With ventricular flutter, the heartbeat is 250 beats or more per minute. On an EKG recording, a flutter will demonstra

Front 51

heart failure (HF)

Back 51

Pathological condition in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently. Left-sided heat failure is commonly called congestive heart failure (CHF).

Front 52

hemangioma

hem-angi-oma

Back 52

Benign tumor of a blood vessel.

Front 53

hemodynamic

hem/o-dynam-ic

Back 53

The dynamic study of the heart's function and movement of the blood and pressure.

Front 54

hyperlipidemia

hyper-lipid-emia

Back 54

Abnormal high levels of lipids in the blood. Lipids include sterols, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids.

Front 55

hypertension (HTN)

Back 55

High blood pressure. Hypertension often has no symptoms and is frequently called the silent killer because, if left untreated, it can lead to kidney failure, stroke, heart attack, peripheral artery disease, and eye damage. Various factors can contribute to developing hypertension, and it's important to know these factors.

Factors: smoking, overweight, lack of exercise, stress, alcohol, heredity, race (African Americans), gender (men), and age.

Front 56

hypotension

Back 56

Low blood pressure.

Front 57

infraction

infract-ion

Back 57

Process of development of an infract, which is death of tissue resulting from obstruction of blood flow.

Front 58

ischema

isch-emia

Back 58

Condition in which there is a lack of oxygen due to decreased blood supply to a part of the body caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel.

Front 59

liprprotein

Back 59

Fat and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL--very-low-density lipoproteins; LDL--low-density lipoproteins; and HDL--high-density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in the arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.

Front 60

mitral stenosis (MS)

Back 60

Pathological condition of narrowing of the mitral valve.

Front 61

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back 61

Pathological condition that occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve between the left atrium and left ventricle bulge into the atrium and permit backflow of blood into the atrium. The condition if often associated with progressive mitral regurgitation.

Front 62

murmur

Back 62

An abnormal sound ranging from soft and blowing to loud and booming heard on auscultation of the heart and adjacent large blood vessels. Murmurs sound like a whooshing or swishing noise.

Normal heartbeats make a "lub-DUPP" or "lub-DUB" sound. This is the sound of the heart valves closing as blood moves through the heart. Most abnormal murmurs in children are due to congenital heart defects. In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often due to heart valve problems caused by infection, disease, or aging.

Front 63

myocardial infraction (MI)

Back 63

Occurs when a focal area of the heart muscle dies or is permanently damaged because of an inadequate supply of oxygen to that area; also known as a heart attack. The most common symptom of a heart attack is angina. which is chest pain often described as a feeling of crushing, pressure, fullness, heaviness, or aching in the center of the chest. Many people try to ignore the symptoms or say "its indigestion." It's imperative to seek medical help immediately.

Front 64

myocarditis

Back 64

Inflammation of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections that reach the heart.

Front 65

occlusion

occlus-ion

Back 65

A blockage in a vessel, canal, or passage of the body.

Front 66

oximetry

oxi-metry

Back 66

Process of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood. A photoelectric medical device, oximeter, measures oxygen saturation of the blood by recording the amount of light transmitted or reflected by deoxygenated vs oxygenated hemoglobin. A pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method of indicating the arterial oxygen saturation of functional hemoglobin.

Front 67

palpitation

palpitat-ion

Back 67

An abnormal rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart that is perceptible to the patient and may be felt by the physician during a physical exam.

Front 68

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Back 68

Use of a balloon-tipped catheter to compress fatty plaques against an artery wall. When successful, the plaques remain compressed, which permits more blood to flow through the artery, therefore providing more oxygen to relieve the symptoms of coronary heart disease.

Front 69

pericaridal

peri-cardi-al

Back 69

Pertaining to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.p

Front 70

pericardiocentesis

peri-cardi/o-centesis

Back 70

Surgical procedure to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.

Front 71

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Back 71

Pathological condition in which fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of the artery walls. These blockages restrict blood circulation, mainly in arteries leading o the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet. In its early stages, a common symptom is cramping or fatigue in the legs and buttocks during activity. Such cramping subsides when the person stands still. This is called intermittent claudication. If left untreated, PAD, can progress to critical limb ischemia (CLI), which occurs when the oxygenated blood being delivered to the leg is not adequate to keep the tissue alive.

Front 72

phlebitis

phleb-itis

Back 72

Literally means inflammation of a vein. There will be redness (erythema), swelling (edema), and pain or boring along the length of the affected vein.

Front 73

phlebotomy

phleb/o-tomy

Back 73

Medical term used to describe the puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for analysis.

Front 74

Raynaud phenomenon

Back 74

Disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes;it is characterized by intermittent attacks that cause the blood vessels in the digits to constrict/ The cause is believed to be the result of vasospasm that decrease blood supply to the respective regions. Emotional stress and cold are classic triggers of the phenomenon, and discoloration follows a characteristic pattern in time: white, blue, and red.

Front 75

rheumatic heart disease

Back 75

Pathological condition in which permanent damage to heart valves is a result of a prior episode of rheumatic fever. The heart valve is damaged by a disease process that generally originates with a strep throat.

Front 76

septum

sept-um

Back 76

Wall or partition that divides or separates a body or space or cavity.

Front 77

shock

Back 77

A life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires immediate medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly.

In cariogenic shock, there is failure to maintain the blood supply to the circulatory system and tithes because of inadequate cardiac output.

Front 78

sinoatrial (SA)

sin/o-atri-al

Back 78

Pertaining to the sinus venosus of the atrium.

Front 79

sphygmomanometer

sphygm/o-man/o-meter

Back 79

Medical instrument used to measure the arterial blood pressure.

Front 80

spider veins

Back 80

Hemangioma in which numerous telangiectatic vessels radiate from a central point.

Front 81

stent

Back 81

Medical device made of expandable, metal mesh that is placed at the site of a narrowing artery. The stent is then expanded and left in place to keep the artery open.

Front 82

stethoscope

steth/o-scope

Back 82

Medical instrument used to listen to the normal and pathological sounds of the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.

Front 83

systole

Back 83

Contractive phase of the heart cycle during which blood is forced into the systemic circulation via the aorta and the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary artery.

Front 84

tachycardia

tachy-card-ia

Back 84

Rapid heartbeat that's over 100 beats per minute.

Front 85

telangiectasis

tel-angi-ectasis

Back 85

Vascular lesion formed by dilation of a group of small blood vessels; can appear as a birthmark or caused by long-term exposure to the sun.

Front 86

thrombophlebitis

thromb/o-phleb-itis

Back 86

Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus. If the clot breaks of and travels to the lungs, it poses a potentially life-threatening conditional called pulmonary embolism (PE).

Front 87

thrombosis

thromb-osis

Back 87

A blood clot within the vascular system; a stationary blood clot.

Front 88

triglyceride

tri-glyc-er-ide

Back 88

Pertaining to an organic compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acids.

Front 89

valve replacement surgery

Back 89

Surgical replacement of diseased heart valve with an artificial one. There are two types of artificial valves: A mechanical heart valve that is made of artificial materials and can usually last a lifetime; biological heart valves are made from heart valves taken from animals or human cadaver and can wear out over time.

Front 90

valvulopasty

valul/o-plasty

Back 90

Surgical repairs of a cardiac valve.

Front 91

varicose veins

Back 91

Swollen, dilated, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower legs. They result from a stagnated or sluggish flow of blood in combination with defective valves and weakened walls of the veins.

Front 92

vasoconstrictive

vaso/o-con-strict-ive

Back 92

Active narrowing of a blood vessel.

Front 93

vasodilator

vas/o-diat/or

Back 93

Medicine that acts directly on smooth muscle cells within blood vessels to make them dilate.

Front 94

vasospasm

Back 94

Spasm of a blood vessel.

Front 95

venipuncture

Back 95

Puncture of a vein for the removal of blood for analysis.

Front 96

ventricular

ventricul-ar

Back 96

Pertaining to a cardiac ventricle.