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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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memory |
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
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flashbulb memory |
a clear memory of an emotional significant moment of event |
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encoding |
the processing of information into the memory system |
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storage |
the retention of encoded information over time |
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retrieval |
the process of getting information out of memory storage |
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sensory memory |
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
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short-term memory |
activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
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long-term memory |
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
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working memory |
a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
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automatic processing |
unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information |
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effortful processing |
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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rehearsal |
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
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spacing effect |
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
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serial position effect |
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
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visual encoding |
the encoding of picture images |
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acoustic encoding |
the encoding of sound |
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semantic encoding |
the encoding of meaning |
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imagery |
mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
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mneumonics |
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
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chunking |
organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occur automatically |
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iconic memory |
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli |
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echoic memory |
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli |
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long-term potentiation |
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation |
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amnesia |
the loss of memory |
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implicit memory |
retention independent of conscious recollection |
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explicit memory |
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
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hippocampus |
a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage |
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recall |
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
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recognition |
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
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relearning |
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
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priming |
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
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deja vu |
the eerie sense that "i've experienced this before" |
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mood-congruent memory |
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
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proactive interference |
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
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retroactive interference |
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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repression |
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness, anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
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misinformation effect |
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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source amnesia |
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
