Ch 8 Study Guide

Front 1

The Gastrointestinal
System/Digestive System/Alimentary Canal have 3 functions

Back 1

break down food (mechanical and chemical

Front 2

The Gastrointestinal (GI) System is made up of

Back 2

the GI tract - tube extending from the mouth/oral cavity to the anus AND the accessory digestive organs - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Front 3

bucca

Back 3

cheeks

Front 4

teeth

Back 4

mastication (chewing)

Front 5

8 incisors and 4 canines/cuspids

Back 5

used for biting and tearing

Front 6

8 premolars/bicuspids and 12 molars

Back 6

used for chewing and grinding

Front 7

dentition

Back 7

person has their natural teeth

Front 8

edentulous

Back 8

person does not have their natural teeth (either no teeth, or false teeth)

Front 9

gingiva

Back 9

gums

Front 10

palate

Back 10

roof of mouth

Front 11

uvula

Back 11

soft, fleshy, pinkish, V-shaped tissue

Front 12

salivary glands

Back 12

secrete saliva (moistens the food)

Front 13

pharynx

Back 13

throat - passageway for air and food

Front 14

pharynx divides into two tubes -

Back 14

trachea (windpipe) that leads to the lungs and esophagus that leads to the stomach

Front 15

esophagus

Back 15

leads from the pharynx to the stomach

Front 16

cardiac sphincter

Back 16

ring of muscle at the end of the esophagus that keeps the stomach contents from going back into the esophagus

Front 17

epiglottis

Back 17

covers the trachea so food will be go through the esophagus to the stomach, rather than going into the trachea

Front 18

stomach

Back 18

mechanically and chemically (hydrochloric acid and enzymes) digest food

Front 19

Part of the stomach are:
(4)

Back 19

fundus - upper
body - main
antrum - lower
vagotomy - incision of vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve), to reduce the amount of gastric acid, for treatment/prevention of ulcers

Front 20

pylorus

Back 20

connects the stomach with the small intestines

Front 21

pyloric sphincter

Back 21

ring of muscle that controls the "food" going from the stomach to the duodenum

Front 22

small intestines

Back 22

digestion is completed here; the digested products are absorbed into the bloodstream

Front 23

Parts of the small intestine are:
(4)

Back 23

duodenum - acts like a mixing bowl, to mix together: food from the stomach, bile from the liver and gallbladder, juice from the pancreas
jejunum
ileum - most of the absorption takes place here

Front 24

large intestines

Back 24

elimination of waste

Front 25

Parts of the large intestine are:
(4)

Back 25

cecum - appendix is attached here
colon - divided into ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum

Front 26

liver

Back 26

makes bile

Front 27

bilirubin

Back 27

substance produced from the destruction of the erythrocytes (red blood cells) and is released by the liver in bile.

Front 28

pancreas

Back 28

produces pancreatic juice (digestive juice)

Front 29

gallbladder

Back 29

stores bile

Front 30

bile ducts

Back 30

passageways that carry bile, when bile is needed for digestion

Front 31

hepatic duct carries

Back 31

bile from the liver

Front 32

cystic duct carries

Back 32

bile from the gallbladder

Front 33

common bile duct

Back 33

the joining together of the hepatic duct and and cystic duct, to carry the bile to the duodenum

Front 34

bruxism

Back 34

involuntary grinding of teeth

Front 35

aphthous stomatitis

Back 35

canker sores - sores/ulcers on the lining of the mouth

Front 36

herpes labialis

Back 36

cold sores/fever blisters - blisters/sores caused by the herpes simplex virus that affect the lip and surrounding tissue

Front 37

esophageal reflux

Back 37

(reflux means backward flow) - return of stomach contents into the esophagus

Front 38

pyrosis

Back 38

heartburn; regurgitation of stomach acid upward along the esophagus

Front 39

ulcer

Back 39

open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane

Front 40

gastric ulcer

Back 40

ulcer of the stomach, caused by excess acid (treated with antacids); recent research indicates the possibility of bacteria causing the ulcer (treated with antibiotics).

Front 41

peptic ulcer

Back 41

ulcer of the stomach or duodenum

Front 42

perforated ulcer

Back 42

an untreated ulcer may eventually lead to a hole (perforation); this can result in peritonitis (inflammation of peritoneum - lining of the abdominal cavity)

Front 43

hernia

Back 43

the protrusion of an organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained.

Front 44

hiatal hernia

Back 44

part of the stomach protrudes through the hole in the diaphragm, which is meant for the esophagus

Front 45

inguinal hernia

Back 45

in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs

Front 46

umbilical hernia

Back 46

protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel

Front 47

adhesion

Back 47

abnormal growing together of two surfaces that normally are separated (may happen after abdominal surgery)

Front 48

ileus

Back 48

obstruction of the intestines

Front 49

polyp

Back 49

growth (usually benign) extending downward from a mucous membrane

Front 50

hepatitis A

Back 50

caused by contaminated water or food (oral intake)

Front 51

hepatitis B

Back 51

caused by contaminated blood (parenteral - needles)

Front 52

hepatitis C

Back 52

caused by contaminated blood

Front 53

anorexia

Back 53

without appetitie

Front 54

ascites

Back 54

accumulation of fluid

Front 55

Crohn's disease

Back 55

chronic inflammation of intestines - usually ileum

Front 56

cirrhosis

Back 56

liver is degenerating/dying

Front 57

diverticulosis

Back 57

small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in the walls of the large intestines; if these become inflamed, it is diverticulitis

Front 58

gavage

Back 58

feeding tube

Front 59

lavage

Back 59

cleaning out

Front 60

melena

Back 60

dark stools - has blood in them

Front 61

occult blood

Back 61

hidden - blood in stools, but can't see it

Front 62

anastomosis

Back 62

If someone is diagnosed with Crohn's disease, medication will be tried, if this doesn't work, the inflamed section of the intestines may have to be surgically cut out. Anastomosis wil be used to re-attach the intestines back together.

Front 63

colostomy

Back 63

new opening in colon - person cannot get rid of fecal material (stools) through the anus. New hole/opening will be created in colon, fecal material will exit through this into a bag

Front 64

BM

Back 64

bowel movement

Front 65

GERD

Back 65

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 66

GI

Back 66

gastrointestinal