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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Standard formation of passive sentences from active sentences (3 steps).
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(i) acc object becomes nom subject; (ii) active verb is replaced by conjugated form of werden + past participle; (iii) subject is replaced by von + dative object.
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trans: This novel is read by many students.
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Dieser Roman wird von vielen Studenten gelesen. [standard]
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trans: Every year a lot of houses are destroyed by fire.
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Jedes Jahr werden viele Ha:user durch Feuer zersto:rt. [note: durch + acc. object is often used to express agency when the agent is impersonal.]
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trans: Many patients are operated on with laser.
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Viele Patienten werden mit Laser operiert. [note: mit + dative object is a common adverbial phrase used in passive.]
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construction of past tense passive voice
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past tense of werden (wurde, etc.) + past participle
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trans: This book was read by many students. [past]
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Dieser Roman wurde von vielen Studenten gelesen.
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construction of future tense passive voice
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future tense of werden (wird ... werden, etc.) + past participle
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trans: This book will be read by many students.
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Dieser Roman wird von vielen Studenten gelesen werden.
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construction present perfect passive voice
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present perf werden (ist ... worden*) + past participle [Note: in the passive the normal past participle of werden contracts from geworden to worden]
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trans: This book has been read by many students. [present perfect tense]
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Dieser Roman ist von vielen Studenten gelesen worden*. [Note: in the passive the normal past participle of werden contracts from geworden to worden.]
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construction past perfect passive voice
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past perf werden (war ... worden*) + past participle [Note: in the passive the normal past participle of werden contracts from geworden to worden]
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trans: This book had been read by many students.
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Dieser Roman war von vielen Studenten gelesen worden.
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Three guides for passive voice:
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(i) past participle appears in every tense (e.g. gelesen); (ii) tense of passive is determined wholly by tense of werden; (iii) perfect tenses use sein and worden (a contracted form of geworden).
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trans: Heute Abend wird getanzt.
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There'll be dancing this evening. [A passive sentence with no subject; rough active equivalent: Man tanzt Heute Abend.]
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trans: Hier wird nicht geraucht.
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There's no smoking here. [A passive sentence with no subject; rough active equivalent: Man raucht hier nicht.]
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the passive with modal auxiliaries: general rule
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a conjugated form of the modal (e.g. muss) + a passive infinitive (e.g. verkauft werden)
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trans: The house has to be sold.
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Das Haus muss verkauft werden. [passive with modal aux: a conjugated form of the modal + a passive infinitive]
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trans: The house had to be sold.
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Das Haus musste verkauft werden. [passive with modal aux: a conjugated form of the modal + a passive infinitive]
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trans: The house will have to be sold.
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Das Haus wird verkauft werden mu:ssen. [pass. with modal aux: a conjugated form of modal (here: fut. tense - wird mussen) + passive participle (here: verkauft werden).]
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trans: The house has had to be sold. [present perfect, passive]
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Das Haus hat verkauft werden mu:ssen. [pres. perf. pass. with modal auxilary: conjugated of the modal (hat, but gemusst changes to mu:ssen because a dependent infinitive is present) + passive infinitive (verkauft werden).]
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trans: The house had had to be sold. [past perfect passive]
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Das Haus hatte verkauft werden mu:ssen. [note: gemusst changes to mu:ssen because a dependent infinitive is present]
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