Ch 8 Principles Of Pathophysiology

Front 1

exocrine glands

Back 1

secrete substances such as sweat, saliva and mucus onto the epithelial surfaces

Front 2

endocrine sigaling

Back 2

hormones distributed throughout the body

Front 3

paracrine signaling

Back 3

involves secretion of chemical mediators by certainc cellas that act only on nearby cells

Front 4

autocrine signaling

Back 4

cells secrete substances that may act upon THEMSELVES

Front 5

synaptic signaling

Back 5

cells secrete specialized chemical called neurotransmitters that transmot dignal across synapses ( the junctions between the neurons

Front 6

Chemoreceptors

Back 6

resond to chemical stimuli

Front 7

Baroreceptors

Back 7

respond to pressure changes, it is located in the arch of the aorta, it senses change in BP

Front 8

Negative feedback loop

Back 8

body reverses or compensates for a pathophysio. process.

Front 9

postitive feedback loop

Back 9

process continues ex: childbirth

Front 10

pathology

Back 10

the study of disease and its causes

Front 11

pathophysiology

Back 11

the physiology of disorderd function

Front 12

atrophy

Back 12

a decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload

Front 13

hypertrophy

Back 13

an increase in cell size resulting from an increase in workload; most commonly affects the cells of the heart, and kidneys

Front 14

hyperplasia

Back 14

an increase in the # of cells resulting from an increase in workload; common along with hypertrophy

Front 15

metaplasis

Back 15

replacement of 1 type of epithelial cell by another type: lung cancer; ciliated columnar--> squamos cells

Front 16

Dysplasia

Back 16

a change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor

Front 17

7 Causes of Cellular Injury

Back 17

hypoxia, chemicals, infectious agents, inflam. agents, physical agents, nutri. factors, genetic factors

Front 18

When a pathogen invades a body 3 things can happen

Back 18

1.pathogen wins
2.pathogen and body battle to a draw
3. body defeats pathogen

Front 19

Cellular death leads to one of two process:

Back 19

Apoptosis, necrosis

Front 20

Apoptosis

Back 20

an injured cell releases enzymes to engluf and destroy itself, cells shrink

Front 21

Necrosis

Back 21

a pathological process; cells swell & rupture

Front 22

water accounts for ___ percent of total body weight

Back 22

60%

Front 23

intracellular fluid

Back 23

the fluid inside the body cells

Front 24

extracellular fluid

Back 24

the fluid outside the body cells; intravascular

Front 25

Third space is know as_____?

Back 25

interstital space, or "around cells"

Front 26

Cations are?
Anions are?

Back 26

(+) charged
(-) charged

Front 27

Osmotic gradient

Back 27

the difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane

Front 28

Diffusion

Back 28

the movement of molecule through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of less conc.

Front 29

Active tranpsort

Back 29

the movement of a substance AGAINST the osmotic gradient

Front 30

facilitated diffusion

Back 30

diffusion of a substance wich requires assistance; ex- glucose

Front 31

Oncotic Force

Back 31

large particles or "colloids" present in blood plasma exert pressure pulling water from the interstital to the intervacular

Front 32

edema

Back 32

accumulation of water in the interstital space

Front 33

Bllod component percentages

Back 33

White cells and platelets 1%
Red cells 45%
PLasma 54%

Front 34

Crystalloids

Back 34

substances that CAN diffuse through a membrane, unlike a colloid; found in IV fluids

Front 35

Isotonic Solution

Back 35

concentration similar to blood, will NOT cause a significant shift in fluids ex: NACL, Lactated ringers

Front 36

Hypertonic Solution

Back 36

higher conc. than cells will shift fluid out of interstitial and intracellur compartment to intravascular ex: D10, D50

Front 37

Hypotonic Solution

Back 37

lower conc. than cells will shift fluid out of intravascular into interstitial and intracellur compartment compartment. ex D5W

Front 38

explain PH scale

Back 38

0------14
0= acidic
14= alkalosis
human range 7.35 to 7.45

Front 39

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 39

acidity caused by abnormal retentino of CO resulting from imparied ventilations

Front 40

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 40

alkalinity caused by excessive elimination of CO resulting from increased ventilations

Front 41

Metabolic acidosis

Back 41

acidity caused by an increased production of acids during metabolism or causes like DM, diarrhea

Front 42

Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 42

alkalinity caused by an increase in plasma bi carb. resulting from cause like diruesis, or too much Na Bicarb

Front 43

every one of a persons somatic cell contain_______ chromosomes

Back 43

46, 23 from father and 23 from mother

Front 44

Stroke volume

Back 44

the amount of blood ejected by the heart in 1 contraction

Front 45

cardiac output
Blood pressure

Back 45

stroke volume x Hr= CO
CO x peripheral vasc, resist= BP

Front 46

The movement and utilization of O2 by the body is dependent upon:

Back 46

1) adequate conc. if inspired O2
2) appropriate movement of O2 across alvelor membrane into the arterial bloodstream

Front 47

The movement and utilization of O2 by the body is dependent upon:
continued

Back 47

3) adequate number of RBS to carry O2
4) Proper tissue perfusion
5) efficient off-loading of oxygen at the tissue level

Front 48

Glycogenesis

Back 48

glycogen to glucose process

Front 49

Gluconegenesis

Back 49

breakdown of proteins and fats to glucose

Front 50

Compensated Shock

Back 50

early stage of shock during which the body compensates to maintain normal perfusion

Front 51

DEcompensated Shock

Back 51

advanced stages of shock, body cannot maintain perfusion

Front 52

irreversible shock

Back 52

shock that has progressed so far, no medical intervention can reverse it, death is inevitable

Front 53

cardioagenic shock

Back 53

shock caused by insufficient CO, the inability to perfuse all parts of the body

Front 54

Neurogenic shock

Back 54

shock resulting from brain or spinal cord injury, interupts nerve impulses tothe arteries

Front 55

Septic shock

Back 55

develops because of an infection in the bloodstream which can lead to MOD

Front 56

MOD's

Back 56

Multiple Organ Dysfunction syndrome; progressive impairment of 2 or more organ systems

Front 57

Inflammatory Response

Back 57

begins within seconds of injury, ITs NONSPECIFIC, attacks any invader

Front 58

Immune Response

Back 58

develops more slowly that is SPECIFIC

Front 59

Antigen

Back 59

a marker on a cell that identifies it as foreign or not

Front 60

Antibody

Back 60

a substance produced by B lymphocyets, which will control or destroy a foreign antigen

Front 61

IGm
IGg
IGa
IGd
IGe

Back 61

1st exposure, primary response
2nd exposure lrg. qnty of IGg
immunity
mucouse membranes
anaphalzis

Front 62

B lymphocytes

Back 62

a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies to indirectly attack antigens

Front 63

T lymphocytes

Back 63

DONT produce antibodies, they attack directly; made in the tyhmus gland