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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cardiovascular Fitness |
-A form of muscular endurance -effiency of the heart, lungs, and vascular system in delivering oxygen to working tissue |
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Your ability to deliver oxygen to the muscle if affected by: |
-Heart rate -Stroke volume -Cardiac output -Maximal oxygen consumption |
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Heart Rate |
the number of times the heart beats each minute |
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Changes over the lifespan of the heart |
Fetal HR is rapid and irregular Birth HR (120-140) is below fetal level (120-180) with periods of bradycardia (HR < 60 bpm, slow HR) |
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Why are children's HR higher? |
probably due to low stroke volume so the heart has to beat more often to get enough blood out |
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Children's HR |
-1 year~80-100 bpm -HR will continue to decline at rest until adolescence |
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Adolescence HR |
-Male~57-60bpm -Female~62-63 bpm |
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Adulthood HR |
Average~ 75-79 bpm declines 50% from birth to maturity researchers believe decline in HR with age is due to decrease is sympathetic outflow and changes in the contractile properties of cardiac muscle |
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Predict maximal HR |
220-age=HR max HR max=195-220 bpm decline= 0.8 bpm/yr of age Elderly: HR max=206-0.7 (age in yr.) |
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Stroke volume |
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart with each beat -Size of SV affected by: -heart size -contractile force of the heart muscle -vascular resistance to blood flow -venous return (rate that blood returns to right side of the heart) |
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Stroke Volume cont... |
lower in children, due to smaller heart. -Birth~ 3-4ml/beat -Male Adult~ 70-90ml/beat Trained male adult ~100-120ml/beat |
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Stroke Volume During Exercise |
Untrained male- 100-120ml/beat Untrained female-80-100ml/beat Trained male-150-170ml/beat Trained female-100-120ml/beat *Females have smaller heart |
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Stroke Volume & Age |
Between the ages of 25-85yr., SV can fall by 30% Lifespan activity can minimize the SV and decline with age But... trained elderly people SV can actually exceed younger untrained peoples SV |
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Cardiac Output |
Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (CO) HRxSV=CO At rest, CO 5liters/min -70 beats/minx 70ml/beat= 4900 ml/min or 4.9 liters/min |
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Cardiac Output & Exercise |
-Affected by physical condition -Untrained male- 20-25 liters/min -Trained male- 30-35 liters/min Age -decline of 1% / year after age 25 yr. -Because of HR and SV decline with age, so does CO |
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption |
The largest amount of oxygen that a human can utilize at the tissue) level (VO2 max) -This is the best measure of physical work capacity (ability to do work without fatigue) -Very little data exist on children under 6 years of age |
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption cont.. |
-There is gradual decline in maximal oxygen consumption in young girls as maturity approaches due to -increases in body fat -lower blood hemoglobin concentrations -a decline in large muscle development |
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption cont... |
-With age there is a decline in VO2 max and a concomitant decline in physical work capacity -An active lifestyle across the lifespan can alter this decline |
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Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness in Childhood |
-Info is fragmented and limited -are changes in the CV values in children due to training or maturation? -Some researchers question the value of endurance training in preadolescent children -Some researchers attribute improvement in product performance to mechanical efficiency (they've learned to do it better) |
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Physical Activity and CV Fitness in Childhood cont... |
-VO2 max has been shown to improve in pre-pubertal children (10-11yr.) -Prepubertal children can follow the standard prescription used by adults -frequency= 3 days per week -intensity= 60%-80% HR max (virgorous intensity) -Time=30min (60min) |
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Cardiovascular Endurance Field-Test Data |
-Field test data involve non-laboratory devices capable of testing large numbers of children -practical -inexpensive Most popular field test for children- -timed distance run -more accurate measure: Leger-Boucher test or "beep test" |
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CV Endurance Field-test Data Results |
Boys: run time peaks at 16 yr Girls: run time peaks at 14 yr. On average, boys run faster than girls at all ages |
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Physical Activity & Cardiovascular Fitness in Adulthood |
Presciption~ FIT Frequency= 3 to 5 days/week Intensity= 60-90% HR max Time= 20-60 mins Mode of activity is any large muscle group movement (walking, biking, running) A program of this sort will increase physical working capacity |
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Muscular Strength |
-Important because contraction of skeletal muscle makes human movement possible -Strength is the ability to exert a muscular force |
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Static or isometric force
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-Static or isometric force- muscular force exerted against a non-moveable object (push down a wall)
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Dynamic force |
muscular force exerted against a moveable object (lift a dumbbell) |
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Defining and Measuring Muscular Strength |
Field Tests: -Pull-up test~ upper body strength/endurance -Chin-up test ~ upper arm strength/endurance -Modified bent-knee sit-up test ~abdominal strength/endurance |
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Laboratory Tests |
grip strength test is a common test among children -easy to administer & reliable changes in strength are tied to changes in body weight |
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Muscular Strength Training |
-Prepubescent -controversy exists regarding strength training for this population -can children increase strength through a resistance training program? -can these strength gains improve athletic performance? |
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Muscular Strength Training cont.. |
-Prepubescent -skills showing improvement: long jump, vertical jump, running speed, agility -specificity~greatest skill improvement was for those activities in which the children were involved |
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Muscular Strength Training cont... |
-Prepubescent -professional organizations publishing position statements for prepubescent strength training -American Academy of Pediatrics -National Strength & Conditioning Association -American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine -All 3 recognize the value of weight training However, weight training is much different than weight lifting, power lifting, & body building which are not recommended for prepubescent |
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Muscular Strength Training cont.. |
Adolescence/early and middle adulthood -programs of progressive resistance training will result in improved muscular strength/endurance 1 RM in boys and girls ages 6.2-12.3 yr is safe when conducted in the presence of adult supervision |
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Muscular Strength Training in Late Adulthood |
Even though decreases in muscular strength can be expected with age, the rate of decline can be significantly slowed -it is never too late to start resistance training programs -for the elderly, it is the intensity of the training and not the initial level of fitness that determines the response to training -Also descreases the number of falls experienced by this population |
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Flexibility |
declines with age due to changes in: connective tissue- (tendons, ligaments)~ less resilient and may crack or fray Synovial fluid~ less viscous Cartilage~may be damaged from injury or lifelong wear and tear |
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Flexibility cont.. |
declining flexibility and againg -osteoarthrosis is common in 80% of adults between ages of 55 and 64 yr. |
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Obesity |
Many define obesity based upon appearance alone or the number of pounds one is "overweight" other measures: BMI waist circumference of 102cm in men and 88cm in women |
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Body composition |
amount of lean body tissue vs. fat tissue |
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Two growth spurts in fat tissue |
1 yr~fat % in boys=26% in girls =28% -puberty for boys: pre-puberty and puberty for girls -greater fat mass in girls during the second growth spurt -With age, fats contribution to overall body composition depends upon size of fat cells, not the number of cells |
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General growth trends |
-body weight reaches its peark at about 45 years of age -Body weight is not a good indicator of body composition -A sedentary lifestyle lends to the observed decrease in lean body mass and an increase in fat mass |
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Prevalence of obesity in the US~race |
-Mexican American and black non-hispanic women exhibit higher rates of overweight and obesity compared non-hispanic white women -Mexican American men exhibit higher rates of overweight and obesity compared to non-hispanic blacks and non-hispanic whites |
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Prevalence of obesity in the US~income |
-low socioeconomic status (income <130% of the poverty level) -High socioeconomic status (income > 130% of the poverty level) -Men in both groups are likely to become overweight or obese -Women in low socioeconomic groups are more likely to become overweight or obese compared to women in high socioeconomic groups |
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Health consequences of Obesity |
-High blood lipid levels -Elevated blood pressure -Diabetes -Cardiovascular Disease |
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Field Test measures of body fat |
-hydrostatic weighing -bod pod -dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) -skinfold calipers |
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Hydrostatic Weighing |
has been the preferred method for determining percent body fat -not practical as a field-test measure -calculations based on water displacement |
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Bod Pod |
-fast becoming the new standard in body composition measurement -calculations are based upon air displacement -everyone can be tested~disabled, children, elderly, those afraid of water |
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Skinfolds |
average sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses in boys and girls |
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Relationship of obesity to motor development and performance |
In general, greater amounts of fat are negatively related to activities where the body has to be projected or lifted (tests of vertical jumping, running/walking) |
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Gender Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness |
During the ages of 4-18yrs. -strong negative correlation between BMI and endurance performance -boys outperform girls in the distance run, chin-ups, and sit-up tests -girls outperform boys in the sit-and-reach test |
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Factors Associated with Physiological Fitness in Children and Adolescents |
Children who perform well on tests of physiological fitness tend to participate in more community-based activities, watch less television, receive their physical education from a specialist, experience more activities over the course of a year, and come from families where physical activity is valued |
