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26 Cards in this Set
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Vitamins an minerals |
do not directly provide energy are needed for generating energy from macro nutrients B-complex vitamins are particularly important in assisting energy metabolism often function co enzymes. |
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energy metabolism |
coenzyme: Thiamin, riboflavin, B6, niacin, pantothenic acid and biotin function primarily in energy metabolism folate and B12 function in cell regeneration and red blood cell synthesis |
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Thiamin B1 |
Metabolism of carbohydrate necessary for funciton of pyruvate hehydrogenase Pyruvte goes to acetyle CoA Dietary thiamin is inadequate and lowers to metabolize *Metabolism of branched chain amino Acids act as coenzyme in metabolism of leucine isoleucine and valine |
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cont.. |
assist in production of DNA and RNA and synthesis of neurotransmitters Good sourcesL pork products, unflower, seeds, beans. whole enriched, grains Deficiency: muscle wasting , nerve damaging |
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Riboflavin B2 |
Involved in oxidation reduction reactions in energy producing metabolic pathways FAD FMN part of coenzyme glutathione peroxidase good source : Milk diary products eggs meats brocilli enriched food |
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cont |
light sensitive ariboflavinosis: riboflavin deficiency; sore throat , swollen mucous membranes RDA: 1.3 mg/day men 1.1 Mg/day women |
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Niacin B3 |
two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide essential for formation of NAD and NADP required for oxidation reduction reactions of carbs, proteins and fats also an important coenzyme in DNA replicaiton and repair in the process of cell differentiation can be made from amino acid tryptophan |
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cont |
good sources meat fish poultry enriched breads and cereals toxicity symptoms from supplements Pellagra: Severe niacin deficiency three D's Dermatitis , diarrhea and dementia RDA 16 mg and 14mg |
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vitamin B6 pyridoxine |
group of 3 related compounds: pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxamine (PM) and their phosphate forms coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis - PLP and transamination w/o B6 all aa become essential also essential for gluconeogenesis: assist in several steps of glucose metabolism necessary for metabolism of homocysteine
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cont |
good sources : meat fish poultry enriched cereals, starchy vegetables toxicity from high dose supplemtns nerve, damage , skin lesions Deficiency involves skin blood, nerve tissue RDA 1.3mg(increased in elderly) |
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Pantothenic Acid |
essential for fatty acid metabolism metabolized into 2 major coenzymes: CoA and acyl carrier protein (ACP) both essential in synthesis of FA required fr synthesizing cholesterol, steroids detoxification of drugs |
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cont |
good sources: chicken beef , egg yolk no adverse effects form excess amounts deficiencies are AI: 5mg /day for adults |
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Biotin |
coenzymes for fatty acid synthesis gluconeogenesis required as cofactor for carboxyylases pyruvate carboxylase: Pyruvate>oxaloacetate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism |
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cont |
AI: 30ug/day content determined for very few not reported in food composition tables or dietary programs deficiency seen in large consumption of raw egg white over time becomes bound by certain protein |
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choline |
vitamin like substance: metabolism , cell membranes , neurotransmission -phosphotiylcholine (found in bile), acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) fat and cholesterol metabolism transportt |
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cont |
widespread in food: milk peanuta, liver, eggs , lecithin AI: 550mg/d men and 425mg/women aged 19 and older deficiency: fat accumulation in the liver toxicity from excess supplementation |
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Iodine |
component of thyroid hormones regulates body temperature, metabolism important for reproduction and growth |
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comt |
RDA: 150ug/ day for adults good sources: saltwater fish shrimp iodized salt, foods prepared with iodized salt low or excessive intakes interferes with thyroid functions goiter: enlarged thyroid gland |
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too much |
blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones as the thyroid glands attmepts to produce more hormones it may enlarge (goiter) an insufficeint supply decrease iodine production of thyriod hormones, the body responds by stimulating the thyroid gland leading to increase in size of the gland in attempt to capture iodine form the blood |
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iodine deficiency disorders |
cretinism: mental retardation, stunted growth hyothyroidism: decreased body temperature cold intolerance, weight gain, fatigue hyperthyroidism: high levels of thyroid hormone cause by graves disease weightloss: increased heat produciton , muscular tremors, nervousness, racing heartbeat and protrusion of the eyes |
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chromium |
assist insulin in glucose uptake increases ability of insulin and transport glucose into cells important for RNA and DNA metabolism supports immune and growth AI: 35ug/d for men 20ug/women |
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manganese |
cofactor in protien , fat and carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis , cholesterol synthesis and urea formation , done matrix synthesis part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase (anitoxidant enzyme) |
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cont. |
Al: 2.3 mg/d men and 1.8mg/ women good sources : whole grain foods oat bran , wheat flour, whole-wheat speghetti, brown rice toxicity impairs the nervous system, causing spasms and tremors |
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Sulfur |
a major mineral compoment of thiamin and biotin essential for macronutrient metabolism Part of amino acids: methionine, cysteine required by liver for alcohol detoxification assists in maintaining acid-base balance |
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sulfur |
obtained from from dietary proteins body is able to obtain ample sulfur from protein containing foods No DRI and no known toxicity or deficiency symptoms |
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Inadequate B-vitamin Intake |
Diet low in whole grains F+ , high in sugar and fat diets high in enriched processed foods provide inadequate levels of B vitamins FDA mandated enrichment of refined grains such as wheat, corn, and rice with thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and iron some B-vitamins lost in milling of grains are replaced by the enrichment process |
