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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name some characteristics of endocrine glands |
- Lack ducts (ductless) -Secrete chemical signals (hormones) into the blood - Target organs have receptors for specific hormones
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Name the major endocrine glands |
1. hypothalamus 2. pituitary 3. adrenal glands 4. thyroid 5. parathyroid gland 6. pancreatic islets 7. other glands |
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(types of hormones) what are two types of hormones in the endocrine system? |
Nonpolar hormones, Polar hormones |
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(types of hormones) Describe nonpolar hormones and its characteristics |
Nonpolar- transported by carrier proteins in plasma - Steroids: produced by adrenal cortex and gonads. For example: cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone - Thyroid hormones - Diffuse through plasma membrane -Receptors inside cells, regulate transcription |
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(types of hormones) Describe polar hormones and its characteristics |
Polar- dissolve in plasma, cannot diffuse through plasma membrane (attach to receptor binding sites -epinephrine (adrenaline): produced by adrenal medulla -polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins (-most hormones from hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid.)
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What does the hypothalamus control? |
control of anterior pituitary |
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what are the functions of the hypothalamus? |
-secretes RH and IH -hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system -controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion |
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(Hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary) Give some examples of hypothalamic neurons producing releasing/inhibiting hormones |
1. coricotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 3. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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What does the corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulate? |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion |
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What does the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulate? |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion |
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What does the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulate? |
Stimulates follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Leutinizing hormone (LH) secretion |
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(hypothalamus posterior pituitary secretions) Describe some characteristics of posterior pituitary secretions |
- Composed of nervous tissue - Neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus produce two different peptide hormones - Released in posterior pituitary when neurons undergo an AP |
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(posterior pituitary hormones) How many hormones released in the posterior pituitary hormones and describe them? |
-Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) -Oxytocin -both peptide, polar molecules
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Describe anti-diuretic hormone and gives its other name. |
-Increases retention of H2O by kidneys -decreases urine volume (opposite of diuresis) -constricts blood vessels -(Vasopressin) |
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Describe oxytocin. |
-Uterine contraction during childbirth (labor) -Milk letdown during breast feeding -postpartum uterine contractions to expel placenta |
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Describe pituitary gland characteristics |
-extends from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus -two lobes (posterior and anterior) -linked to hypothalamus by infundibulum |
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Another name for anterior pituitary |
(Adenohypophysis) |
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What is anterior pituitary composed of? |
-epithelial cells (derived from oral epithelium) -different cell types secrete six peptide (polar) hormones |
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Name the six anterior pituitary hormones? |
1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 3.Growth Hormone (GH) 4. Prolactin (PRL) 5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (Gonadotropins) 6. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonadotropins |
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What does TSH activates? |
-thyroid gland which increases thyroid hormones stimulated by Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
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What does ACTH activates? |
-activates adrenal cortex to release cortisol and stimulated by coricotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
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What does GH stimulates? |
-growth -protein synthesis -fat breakdown -increases blood glucose levels |
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Describe prolactin (PRL) |
-breast development and milk production during pregnancy -there is no known function in males |
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Describe FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) |
- Females: regulates ovaries, female sex hormones - Males: regulates testes, testosterone secretion - Stimulated by GnRH |
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(hypothalmus and pituitary: ex: neg feedback) Do the hypothalmus and pituitary gland provide homeostasis of hormone levels? And where are the hormone receptors located? |
-Hypothalamus and pituitary do provide homeostasis - Hormone receptors are located in the hypothalamus and pituitary |
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(hypothalamus and pituitary) Provide an example of negative feedback inhibition |
- Ex: pituitary-gonad axis - GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion - Sex steroids act on hypothalamus and ant. pituitary - Less stimulation of the gonads causes decreased secretion of sex steroids |
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(adrenal gland) Describe some characteristics of the Adrenal gland? |
- Located above each kidney - Two distinctive tissues: Medulla and cortex - Releases hormones in response to stress (in general) - Contains medullary hormone
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(adrenal gland) Describe the medullary hormone |
- Epinephrine - Similar to effects of sympathetic NS - Sympathomometic |
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(Mechanism of action: epinephrine) Can epinephrine pass through a hydrophobic lipid bilayer? |
-epiinephrine is polar - it cannot pass through hydrophobic lipid bilayer |
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(Mechanism of action: epinephrine) What does epinephrine bind to? |
G-protein, linked receptor proteins on cell surface |
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(Mechanism of action: epinephrine) Where does epinephrine activate G-proteins? |
plasma membrane |
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(Mechanism of action: epinephrine) What kind of enzyme activates to produce cAMP(protein)? |
adenylate cyclase |
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(Mechanism of action: epinephrine) What are the affects of protein kinases phosphorylating various enzymes? |
Activating or deactivating them, producing the physiological effects of the hormone |
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(Mechanism of action: epinephrine) What are the effects of increased epinephrine? |
google.com |
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(Adrenal cortex) What are the effects of the cortex hormone, Aldosterone on the Adrenal cortex? |
increases K+ excretion and Na+ retention by kidneys |
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(Adrenal cortex) What are the effects of the cortex hormone, Cortisol (hydrocortisone) on the Adrenal Cortex? |
Ekevates blood glucose, amino acids, and fatty acid levels, suppresion of inflammation and immune system (glucorticoids) - (secreted in response to stress (CRH and ACTH) |
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(Steroid Hormone mechanism of action) Do nonpolar steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane? |
yes, pass directly through the cell membrane |
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(Steroid Hormone mechanism of action) What kind of receptors to steroid hormones bind to and where at? |
bind to protein receptors in the cytoplasm or in nucleus |
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(Steroid Hormone mechanism of action) What and where do the protein receptor bind? |
receptor binds to gene regulatory proteins in the nucleus |
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(Steroid Hormone mechanism of action) What is stimulated after receptor binds to gene regulatory? |
stimulates expression (transcription) of that gene (protein production) |
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(regulation of glucocorticoids, cortisol) Is the regulation of glucocorticoids regulated by negative feedback? |
yes, generally regulated by negative feedback inhibition |
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(regulation of glucocorticoids, cortisol) In the regulation of glucocorticoids what does CRH (hypothalamus) stimulate? |
stimulates ACTH secretion (anterior pituitary) |
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(regulation of glucocorticoids, cortisol) In the regulation of glucocorticoids what does ACTH stimulate? |
stimulates cortisol secretion (adrenal cortex) |
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(regulation of glucocorticoids, cortisol) In the regulation of glucocorticoids what does Cortisol inhibit? |
inhibits CRH and ACTH secretion |
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(thyroid gland) what accumulates in colloid(fluid) follicles? |
Iodine, it combines with protein (thyroglobulin) |
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whats happens to thyroglobulin after iodine accumulates in colloid follicle? |
Thyroglobulin converted to thyroid hormone |
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(thyroid gland) After converting what does the thyroid hormone target? |
Thyroid hormone targets general body tissues and increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body heat production |
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(thyroid gland) What is required for growth and maturation of CNS? |
thyroid hormone |
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(TH mechanism of action) Is the thyroid hormone polar or nonpolar? |
nonpolar |
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(TH mechanism of action) Name features of the nonpolar thyroid hormone |
-transported by carrier protein in blood -passes directly through the cell membrane |
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(TH mechanism of action) Where and what does TH bind to? |
binds to nuclear receptor in nucleus and stimulates expression of gene (protein production) |
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(thyroid hormone and metabolism) What does thyroid hormone and metabolism increase? |
-Mitochondria, enzymes for aerobic respiration, and Na+/K+ATPase |
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(regulation of thyroid hormones) Is thyroid regulation generally regulated by positive or negative feedback? |
Negative feedback |
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(regulation of thyroid hormones) During thyroid hormone regulation, TRH (hypothalmus) stimulates what? |
TRH stimulates TSH secretion (ant. pituitary) |
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(regulation of thyroid hormones) During thyroid hormone regulation, TSH stimulates what? |
TSH stimulates thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid |
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(regulation of thyroid hormones) During thyroid hormone regulation, thyroid hormone inhibits what? |
thyroid hormone inhibits TSH secretion |
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(thyroid disease) give an example of a thyroid disease? |
Goiter - enlarged thyroid gland |
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(thyroid disease) What is thyroid disease caused by? |
caused by increased TSH or stimulated TSH-R |
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(thyroid disease) explain in detail how a thyroid disease is caused. |
-inadequate iodine in diet which causes insufficient thyroid hormone(hypothyroidism)
-hypothalamic-pituitary axis responds by increasing TSH secretion
-which Stimulates excessive growth of thyroid |
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