Ch 8 Bio Vcab

Front 1

sexual reproduction

Back 1

the reproductive process that involves fertilization, the union of sperm and egg

Front 2

life cycle

Back 2

the sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next

Front 3

genome

Back 3

the set of genetic information being carried in the egg/sperm

Front 4

asexual reproduction

Back 4

the production of offspring by a single parent without the participation of sperm and egg

Front 5

chromosomes

Back 5

the structures that contain most of the organism's DNA

Front 6

cell division

Back 6

reproduction of cells/ inheritance

Front 7

binary fission

Back 7

cell division in prokaryotes

Front 8

chromatin

Back 8

combination of DNA and protein molecules

Front 9

sister chromatids

Back 9

identical copies of DNA... happens in interphase during s

Front 10

centromere

Back 10

2 chromatids joined tightly together

Front 11

cell cycle

Back 11

ordered sequence of fevents that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells

Front 12

interphase

Back 12

before mitosis/meiosis where the chromosomes grow, copy, grow more

Front 13

mitotic phase

Back 13

where the cell divides

Front 14

mitosis

Back 14

divides evenly into 2 daughter nuclei... for asexual reproduction

Front 15

cytokinesis

Back 15

when the cytoplasm/cell divides into 2

Front 16

prophase mitosis

Back 16

centrosomes separate, centromeres form, spindles form

Front 17

prometaphase

Back 17

microtubules form in the centromere and attach to the spindles

Front 18

metaphase

Back 18

the centromeres line up on the metaphase plate

Front 19

anaphase

Back 19

the sister chromatides separate to the poles of the cell

Front 20

telophase/cytokinesis

Back 20

nuclei form, the cleavage furrow forms and the cell divides into 2

Front 21

cleavage furrow

Back 21

shallow groove in the cell surface

Front 22

cell plate

Back 22

when vesicles fuse in plant cells during cytokinesis

Front 23

anchorage dependence

Back 23

where cells anchor to a solid surface

Front 24

density dependent inhibition

Back 24

crowded cells stop dividing

Front 25

growth factor

Back 25

protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide.

Front 26

cell cycle control system

Back 26

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

Front 27

cancer cells

Back 27

do not respond normally to the cell cycle control system, they divide excessively and can invade ther tissues of the body

Front 28

tumor

Back 28

abnormally growing mass of body cells

Front 29

benign tumor

Back 29

abnormal cells that remain at the original site

Front 30

malignant tumor

Back 30

spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body... displacing normal tissues and interrupting organ function as it goes

Front 31

metastasis

Back 31

the spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system beyond their original site

Front 32

carcinomas

Back 32

cancers that originate in the external or internal coverings of the body

Front 33

sarcomas

Back 33

arise in tissues that support the body such as bone and muscle

Front 34

leukemias and lymphomas

Back 34

cancers of blood forming tissues such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

Front 35

somatic cell

Back 35

has 46 chromosomes

Front 36

homologous chromosomes

Back 36

2 chromosomes that make up a pair carrying genes containing the same inherited characteristics

Front 37

locus

Back 37

place on chromosome

Front 38

females
males

Back 38

XX
XY

Front 39

sex chromosomes

Back 39

are determined by the x and y

Front 40

autosomes

Back 40

the other 22 pairs of chromosomes (all except for the sex chromosomes)

Front 41

diploid cell

Back 41

any cell with 2 homologous sets of chromosomes (total number of chromosomes is 46)

Front 42

gametes

Back 42

egg and sperm cells

Front 43

haploid cell

Back 43

a cell woth a single chromosome set

Front 44

zygote

Back 44

fertilized egg

Front 45

meiosis

Back 45

happens with sexual reproduction... type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms

Front 46

meioisis I

Back 46

homologous chromososmes separate

Front 47

meiosis II

Back 47

sister chromatids separate

Front 48

Prophase I

Back 48

tetrads form, synapsis occurs

Front 49

metaphase one

Back 49

tetrads line up on metaphase plate

Front 50

anaphase I

Back 50

tetrades puled apart

Front 51

Telophase I/cytokinesis

Back 51

cleavage furrow, sparates into 2 cells

Front 52

prophase II

Back 52

centromeres form

Front 53

metaphase II

Back 53

centromeres line up on metaphase plate

Front 54

anaphase II

Back 54

sister chromatids separate

Front 55

telophase II/cytokinesis

Back 55

separate into 2 cells

Front 56

chiasma

Back 56

the sites of crossing over appear as x shaped regions

Front 57

genetic recombination

Back 57

the production of gene combinations different from those carried by the original chromosomes

Front 58

karyotype

Back 58

an ordered display of magnified images of an individual chromosomes arranged in pairs

Front 59

trisomy 21

Back 59

where there are 3 #21 chromosomes making 47 chromosomes total

Front 60

down syndrome

Back 60

a person with an extra copy of chromosome 21

Front 61

nondisjunction

Back 61

members of a chromosome pair fail to separate

Front 62

deletion

Back 62

if a fragmnet of a chromosome is lost the remaining chromosome will connect

Front 63

duplication

Back 63

if a fragment from one chromosome joins to a sister chromatid or homologous chromosome it will duplicate

Front 64

inversion

Back 64

if a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction

Front 65

translocation

Back 65

the attachment of a chromosomal frament to a nonhomologous chromosome