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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Overall reaction pathway for aerobic respiration of glucose |
C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O-->6CO2+12H2O+energy
-redox reaction -glucose is oxidized to CO2 -O2 is reduced to H2O |
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the four stages of aerobic respiration |
1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis |
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Glycolysis (first step) |
-a six carbon glucose molecule is converted to 2 three-carbon molecules of pyruvate.
-some of the energy of glucose is captured with the formation of two kinds of energy carriers: ATP and NADH2
-only step that occurs in cytosol |
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Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A (second step) |
-each pyruvate enters a mitochondrion and is oxidized to a 2 carbon group (acetate) that combines with coenzyme A, formin acetyl coenzyme A.
-NADH is produced and CO2 is released as waste |
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the Citric Acid Cycle (third step) |
-the acetate group of acetyl coenzyme A combines with a 4-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form a 6-carbon molecule (citrate, which is later recycled to oxaloacetate). -CO2 released as waste -Energy is captured as ATP, as well as reduced high-energy compounds NADH and FADH2 |
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Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis (fourth step) |
-the electrons removed from glucose in the preceding stages are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to a chain of electron acceptors. -as the electrons are passed from acceptor to acceptor, some of their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (protons) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, forming a proton gradient. Chemiosmosis uses energy of this proton gradient to produce ATP! |
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dehydrogenations |
-reactions in aerobic respiration in which 2 H atoms are removed from the substrate and transferred to NAD+ or FAD. |
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Decarboxylations |
-reactions in aerobic respiration in which part of a carboxyl group (-COOH) is removed from the substrate as a molecule of CO2. -ex: the CO2 we exhale is result of these sort of rxns |
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preparation reactions |
-reactions in aerobic respiration where molecules are rearranged so they can undergo further decarboxylations or dehydrogenations |
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Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
--metabolic process that results in ATP by the donation of a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate. |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation |
-takes place during process of cellular respiration -occurs during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle -NADH and FADH are oxidized to form ATP -a carboxyl group is removed in form of CO2 |
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start and end products of glycolysis |
-beginning products are glucose and 2 ATP
-intermediates are 2 G3P and 2 ADP, NAD+ and H+
-end products are 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 4 ATP |
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start and end products of Formation of Acetyl CoA |
-beginning reactants are 2 Pyruvate, 2 CoA, and 2 NAD+
-end products are 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 |
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start and end products of Citric Acid Cycle |
-starting reactant are oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA
-ending products are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (per glucose molecule) |
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start and end products of electron transport chain |
-NADH and FADH2 enter ETC
-each NADH produces 3 ATP, each FADH2 produces 2 ATP
-Final products are 30 ATP from NADH and 4 ATP from FADH2 |
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Chemiosmosis |
-the ETC and ATP synthesis is accompanied by a proton (H+) gradient accross the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes |
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yielders of energy aside from glucose |
-amino acids:metabolic intermediate that can enter into certain points of the respiration process
-lipids:glycerol can enter the process of glycolysis and fatty acids can enter the citric acid cycle |
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anaerobic respiration |
-common in anaerobic prokaryotes and animal intestines -ETC is present, ATP is formed, and oxygen is NOT the final electron acceptor |
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Fermentation |
-does NOT involve an ETC or Oxygen -2 ATP formed per glucose (during glycolysis) -NADH molecules transfer H atoms to organic molecules (alcohol, lactate)
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Citrate
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A 6 Carbon compound
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Facultative anaerobic
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Carryout aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switch to alcohol fermentation when deprived of oxygen
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