Ch 7 Yr 9 Coordinated Body Systems Overview

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms - the total of catabolism and anabolism.

Front 2

Catabolism

Back 2

breaks-down of organic matter, for example to harvest energy in cellular respiration.

Front 3

Anabolism

Back 3

uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Front 4

Enzyme

Back 4

an organic catalyst.

Front 5

Catalyst

Back 5

a substance that speeds up the rate of the reaction without being used up in the process.

Front 6

Reactant molecule

Back 6

the target of the enzyme, the molecule that is going to be changed by a chemical reaction.

Front 7

Nutrients

Back 7

include carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils), vitamins and mineral elements.

Front 8

Carbohydrates

Back 8

sources include breads, potatoes rice - broken down into simple sugars (glucose)

Front 9

Proteins

Back 9

sources include meat, fish, poultry and some nuts and legumes - broken down into amino acids

Front 10

Lipids

Back 10

sources are fats and oils - broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

Front 11

Diffusion

Back 11

the movement of particles of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Front 12

Alveoli

Back 12

Air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs

Front 13

Haemoglobin

Back 13

the oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells

Front 14

Cardiac

Back 14

of the heart

Front 15

Pacemaker

Back 15

S-A node (sino-artrial node)

Front 16

Fibrillation

Back 16

Impulses to the ventricles may become disorganised which leads to spasmodic twitching of the heart muscle

Front 17

Defibrillator

Back 17

Device to electrically shock the heart back into normal sinus rhythm

Front 18

Atria

Back 18

small top chambers of the heart

Front 19

Ventricles

Back 19

large lower chambers of the heart

Front 20

Electrocardiograph

Back 20

medical instrument that records electric currents associated with contractions of the heart and may include a paper print out.

Front 21

Noradrenaline

Back 21

this hormone may increase cardiac output by up to five times.

Front 22

Cellular respiration

Back 22

the chemical reaction that occurs in cells that combines glucose and oxygen then produces carbon dioxide as a waste gas.

Front 23

Organelles

Back 23

small functional sub-units within the cell that have very specific tasks

Front 24

Mitochondria

Back 24

organelle where cellular respiration occurs.

Front 25

Ribosome

Back 25

the organelle where proteins are manufactured.

Front 26

Lysosomes

Back 26

organelles that treat waste within the cells

Front 27

Liver

Back 27

largest internal organ, breaks down hormones (insulin), haemoglobin, medicines (panadol), drugs (caffeine, alcohol) and converts ammonia into urea for excretion by the kidneys

Front 28

Endocrine system

Back 28

all the endocrine glands of the body.

Front 29

Endocrine glands

Back 29

glands that produce hormones - also known as 'ductless' glands.

Front 30

Hormones

Back 30

chemical substances that act as messengers in the body - slow acting and long term effects - unlike nerves which are fast acting.

Front 31

Pituitary gland

Back 31

the endocrine gland that controls the activities of other endocrine glands; it is often called the "master gland" - release 'stimulating hormones' eg TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.

Front 32

Hypothalamus

Back 32

a portion of the brain that constantly checks the internal environment of the body - links the neural and hormonal functions of the body.

Front 33

Target cells

Back 33

the cells on which a hormone acts.

Front 34

Thyroid gland

Back 34

large gland in the front of the neck, it secretes hormones which regulate growth and metabolism

Front 35

Thymus

Back 35

a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity

Front 36

Pancreas

Back 36

located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen, and it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon.

Front 37

Adrenal gland

Back 37

one of a pair of ductless glands, located above the kidneys, which produce adrenaline (epinephrine) - Ad Renal literally means above the kidney.

Front 38

Ovaries

Back 38

The female sex glands that store the ova and produce female sex hormones

Front 39

Testes

Back 39

The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones.

Front 40

Homeostasis

Back 40

the process of maintaining a constant internal environment eg 37 degrees body temp - requires set point, a receptor and an effector to control the system using negative feedback - through the integration of Hormones and Neural control.

Front 41

Endothermic

Back 41

able to maintain a constant body temperature - mammals

Front 42

Metabolism

Back 42

all the chemical reactions occurring in the cells.

Front 43

Positive feedback

Back 43

rare in biological systems - examples appetite and addiction

Front 44

ADH

Back 44

Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted by the Pituitary Gland - regulates fluid levels in the body by targeting the Kidneys

Front 45

Exothermic

Back 45

require energy (heat) from the environment to help them maintain body processes - lizard.

Front 46

Homeostatic imbalance

Back 46

is usually associated with aging or repeated exposure to extreme conditions that reduce the body's ability to return the system to balance - eg diabetes and gout

Front 47

Kidneys

Back 47

Paired organs that maintain fluid balance and blood pressure.

Front 48

Blood Sugar Level (BSL)

Back 48

all cells in the body require sugar for energy and it is transported via the blood. Too much sugar in the blood and the blood becomes thick and damages the capillaries. Too little sugar and you feel weak and dizzy.

Front 49

Insulin

Back 49

causes sugar to move into the cells thereby reducing BSL - forms Glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscle cells.

Front 50

Glucagon

Back 50

releases sugar from storage into the blood - raises BSL to make more sugar available for the active cells.

Front 51

Diabetes

Back 51

is characterized by an inability to maintain control of BSL.

Front 52

Type 1 Diabetes

Back 52

is genetic and fairly rare.

Front 53

Type 2 Diabetes

Back 53

is generally associated with a high sugar diet and low exercise.

Front 54

Epinephrine

Back 54

also called adrenaline - prepares you for fight or flight. Increases HR and BP.

Front 55

AV node

Back 55

Atrio-ventricular node that delays the SA node impulse to allow the ventricle to fill prior to contracting