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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shepard's & Standings Studies
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Shepard -
612 pictures after 1week = 87% recognition 612 words Immediate Recognition = 88% Accuracy for visual material is very high Standing - Recognition of pictures - 6600 out of 10000 1)1,000 words = 615 correct 2)1,000 ordinary pictures = 770 correct 3) 1,000 unusual pictures = 880 coorect |
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Dual Coding Theory
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Memory is improved when items can be represented by both verbal & visual memory codes
-Imagery Potential - how easy it is to form an image High Imagery words are easier to learn than low imagery word -Visual & Verbal info are represented & processed in independent cognitive systems -You can forget one code without forgetting the other 1)Visual System - concrete objects and events 2)Verbal System - language info -Twice as many access routes to info when Visual and Verbal systems are used |
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Concrete-Abstract Dimension
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Extent to which a concept can be represented by a picture
-easy to form an image to represent a concrete object -difficult to form an image to represent an abstract concept |
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Association Value
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The number of verbal associations generated for a concept
-not as good of predictor of learning as imagery potential |
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Propositional Theory
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All knowledge, including spatial knowledge, can be expressed in semantic-based propositions
-Stimulus is represented as a symbolic description that does not resemble what it represents |
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Kosslyn, Ball & Reiser
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Visual Scanning
-The time it takes to scan between 2 objects in an image should be a function of their distance from each other -Subjects asked to memorize a map with landmarks -told to mentally scan between objects and press key -The further apart the objects, the longer it took to mentally scan between them --> We mentally scan visual images in the same way we scan pictures |
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Shepard & Metzler Study
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Mental Transformation
3 pairs of patterns (a)Identical except rotated (b)Identical except rotated perpendicular to surface page (c)Not identical - impossible to rotate -P asked to say if they were identical or different -If mental images have characteristics of real world objects then if 2 images were misaligned subjects would have to "mentally rotate" to determine if identical or not -The greater the angle of rotation, the longer to determine if identical or not DV - Time to respond identical or different Rotation Degrees 0:1sec 180:4.5sec |
