Ch 7 Social Studies Vocal

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republic

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Form of government in which voters elect officials to run the
state.

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dictator

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Absolute ruler

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consuls

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one of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic.
• any of the three chief magistrates of the first French republic (1799–1804).

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veto

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Refuse to approve, as in a bill or
law.

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checks and balances

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System of government that prevents any one part of the government from becoming too powerful

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praetors

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Elected Roman offi- cials who helped the consuls, in time of war helped to command armies, in time of peace oversaw the legal system

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censors

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Roman officials who registered citizens according to their wealth

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tribunes

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Officials elected by Rome’s pop- ular assemblies.

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patricians

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Powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society

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plebeians

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Farmers and workers who made up most of the Roman population

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equites

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Class of business people and landowners in ancient Rome who had wealth and power.

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Punic Wars

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Three costly conflicts between Romans and Carthaginians over control of the Mediterranean and overseas expansion.

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Hannibal

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Carthaginian general. In the second Punic War he attacked Italy by crossing the Alps. He repeatedly defeated the Romans, although he failed to take Rome itself. After being recalled to Africa he was defeated at Zama by Scipio Africanus in 202.

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Scipio

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Roman general and politician; full name Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor; adoptive grandson of Scipio Africanus. He achieved distinction in the siege of Carthage in 146 during the third Punic War and in his campaign in Spain in 133.

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Spartacus

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Thracian slave and gladiator. He led a revolt against Rome in 73, but eventually was defeated by Crassus in 71 and crucified.

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triumvirate

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Political alliance of three
rulers

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the Gracchi

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Two brothers, Tiberus and Gaius Gracchus, who saw the need for reform in the Roman Republic.

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Gaius Marius

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Roman general and politician. Elected consul in 107 bc, he defeated Jugurtha and invading Germanic tribes. After a power struggle with Sulla he was expelled from Italy, but returned to take Rome by force in 87 bc .

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Lucius Cornelius Sulla

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ruled Rome from 82 B.C to 79 B.C
and wanted fame and fortune

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Julius Caesar

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great powerful public speaker and spent a lot of money to win support, built a huge following among Rome's poor

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Gnaeus Pompey

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part of the first triumvirate alliance with himself, Julius Caesar, and Licinius Crassus, he was defeated later on by Julius caesar

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Cleopatra

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queen of Egypt 47–30; the last Ptolemaic (Macedonian dynasty) ruler; also known as Cleopatra VII. After a brief liaison with Julius Caesar, she formed a political and romantic alliance with Mark Antony. Their ambitions ultimately brought them into conflict with Rome, and they were defeated at the battle of Actium in 31. She is reputed to have committed suicide by allowing herself to be bitten by an asp.

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Marc Antony

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Roman general and triumvir; Latin name Marcus Antonius. Following Julius Caesar's assassination in 44 bc, he took charge of the Eastern Empire, where he established his association with Cleopatra. Quarrels with Octavian led finally to his defeat at the battle of Actium and to his suicide.
he and Octavian divided the roman world

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Augustus (Octavius)

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the first Roman emperor; born Gaius Octavianus; also called Octavian. He was adopted in the will of his great-uncle Julius Caesar and gained supreme power by his defeat of Antony in 31 bc. In 27 bc he was given the title Augustus (“venerable”) and became in effect emperor.

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Pax Romana

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the peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire: lasted 200 years during the reign of Augustus
"Roman peace"

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Julio-Claudian Emperors

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from A.D 14, the next 54 years they would rule, were relatives of Julius Caesar

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Five Good Emperors

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series of five leaders of of Rome: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, MArcus Aurelius that would rule in a duration of 100 years during the pax Romana

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gladiators

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Trained fighters, usually
slaves, who fought in arenas as enter-
tainment

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aqueducts

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Bridgelike structures that carry water.

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Galen

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Greek physician; full name Claudios Galenos; Latin name Claudius Galenus. While attempting to systematize medicine, he made important discoveries in anatomy and physiology.

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Ptolemy

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Greek astronomer and geographer of the 2nd century ad . His teachings had enormous influence on medieval thought, the geocentric view of the cosmos being adopted as Christian doctrine until the late Renaissance. His Geography was also a standard work for centuries, despite its inaccuracies. believed that the sun was the center of the universe

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Virgil

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Roman poet; Latin name Publius Vergilius Maro. He wrote three major works: the Eclogues, ten pastoral poems that blend traditional themes of Greek bucolic poetry with contemporary political and literary themes; the Georgics, a didactic poem on farming; and the Aeneid, an epic poem about Aeneas, a Trojan (see Aeneid) .

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Horace

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Roman poet of the Augustan period; full name Quintus Horatius Flaccus. A well-known satirist and literary critic, he is noted for his Odes. Other works include Satires and Ars Poetica.

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Ovid

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Roman poet; full name Publius Ovidius Naso. He is noted for his elegiac love poems (such as the Amores and the Ars Amatoria) and for the Metamorphoses, a hexametric series of tales of mythological, legendary, and historical figures

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Tacitus

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Roman historian; full name Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus. His Annals (covering the years 14–68) and Histories (69–96) are major works on the history of the Roman Empire.

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Plutarch

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Greek biographer and philosopher; Latin name Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus. He is chiefly known for Parallel Lives, a collection of biographies of prominent Greeks and Romans.

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rabbis

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Religious scholars of Judaism

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martyrs

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Persons put to death for their
beliefs.

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bishops

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Heads of the Catholic Church in major cities.

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patriarchs

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Bishops of the administrative centers for the church in the last years of the Roman Empire

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pope

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Title assumed by the patriarch of Rome and head of the Catholic Church; from the Latin word meaning “father.”

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Jesus

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his followers were the founders Christianity, and he was a Jewish teacher

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inflation

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Rise in prices caused by a decrease in the value of the medium of exchange

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Diocletian

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Roman emperor 284–305; full name Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus. Faced with mounting military problems, in 286 he divided the empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west. He launched the final persecution of the Christians 303.

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Constantine

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Roman emperor 306–37; known as Constantine the Great. He was the first Roman emperor to be converted to Christianity and in 324 made Christianity the empire's state religion. In 330, he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinopolis (Constantinople). He is venerated as a saint in the Orthodox Church.

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Goths

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One of a group of Germanic tribes who flooded into the Roman Empire and later revolted, weakening the empire

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vandals

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One of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed terri- tory in the Roman Empire

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huns

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Nomadic people from Asia who attacked the Roman Empire

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Attila

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king of the Huns 434–453. He ravaged vast areas between the Rhine and the Caspian Sea before being defeated by the joint forces of the Roman army and the Visigoths at Châlons in 451.