Ch. 7 - Musculoskeletal System - Patho. 7.1, Quiz,

Front 1

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

Back 1

Provide a supportive framework for the body that allows flexibility of movement & protects the internal organs. The tissues also give shape of the body, act as storage & supply area for minerals, and serve as sites for formation of blood cell. Muscles provide bulk to body & helping to hold body parts together and move joints.

Front 2

All muscles are composed of a basic cellular unit called the muscle __________, which is made of ____________.

Back 2

fiber, protein

Front 3

The skeletal muscles make up approximately _______ of the total body mass.

Back 3

40%

Front 4

List the three types of muscle tissues and give the other names for 2 of them and tell whether they are voluntary or involuntary.

Back 4

Striated (skeletal) - voluntary - under control of the conscious mind. Includes muscles used to move extremities, stimulated by nerves by request of the brain.

Non-striated (smooth) & Cardiac - involuntary - function without conscious control or awareness, Examples are the muscles of the intestines that move the bowels and cardiac muscles, which cause the beating of the heart.

Front 5

The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone is referred to as the _________ of the muscle and the point of attachment to a bone that is moved by the muscle is referred to as its ___________.

Back 5

origin, insertion

Front 6

How many bones does the skeletal system have?

Back 6

206

Front 7

Name some bones that encase and protect specific organs.

Back 7

Skull - protects brain,

Rib cage and backbone - protects heart, lungs, spinal cord

Front 8

The blood cells are formed in the bone marrow inside the bones in a process called ________________.

Back 8

hematopoiesis

Front 9

What 2 minerals do bones help to maintain normal blood levels of?

Back 9

calcium & phosphorus

Front 10

Bones develop through a process called ____________ and the compete skeleton if formed by the end of the _________ month of fetal age.

Back 10

osteogenesis, third

Front 11

The fetal skeleton is composed of cartilage tissue, which is replaced gradually by bone cells in a process called __________.

Back 11

ossification

Front 12

List the different types of bones and give examples of each.

Back 12

Long bones -strong, broad ends, large surface - humerus (arm), Ulna & Radius (forearm), femur (thigh), tibia & fibula (leg).

Short bones - small, irregular shapes - carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle).

Flat bones - covers soft body parts - scapula (shoulder), ribs, pelvic bones.

Sesamoid bones - small & rounded, found near joints - patella (kneecap).

Front 13

These bones are strong, broad ends, large surface - humerus (arm), Ulna & Radius (forearm), femur (thigh), tibia & fibula (leg).

Back 13

Long bones

Front 14

These bones are small, irregular shapes - carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle).

Back 14

Short bones

Front 15

These bones cover soft body parts - scapula (shoulder), ribs, pelvic bones.

Back 15

Flat bones

Front 16

These bones are small & rounded, found near joints - patella (kneecap).

Back 16

Sesamoid bones

Front 17

This protects the brain..

Back 17

skull

Front 18

These protect the heart, lungs, and spinal cord..

Back 18

Rib cage and backbone

Front 19

involuntary - function without conscious control or awareness, Examples are the muscles of the intestines that move the bowels and cardiac muscles, which cause the beating of the heart.

Back 19

Non-striated (smooth) & Cardiac muscles..

Front 20

voluntary - under control of the conscious mind. Includes muscles used to move extremities, stimulated by nerves by request of the brain.

Back 20

Striated (skeletal) muscles..

Front 21

How are joints classified?

Back 21

By the type of material found between the bones: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.

Also by according to the degree of movement they can make: immovable (synarthrodial) joints, like suture joints between bones of the skull, which are connected by fibrous tissue; slightly moveable (amphiarthrodial) joints, like intervertebral joints & pubic symphysis. are connected by cartilage; freely moveable (diarthrodial) joints, like knee & elbow, are called synovial joints because they are lined with the fluid-producing synovial membrane.

Front 22

These kind of joints are like suture joints between bones of the skull, which are connected by fibrous tissue

Back 22

immovable (synarthrodial) joints

Front 23

These kind of joints are like intervertebral joints & pubic symphysis & are connected by cartilage.

Back 23

slightly moveable (amphiarthrodial) joints

Front 24

These kind of joints are like the knee & elbow, are called synovial joints because they are lined with the fluid-producing synovial membrane.

Back 24

freely moveable (diarthrodial) joints

Front 25

AKA freely moveable (diarthrodial) joints

Back 25

synovial joints

Front 26

The amount or degree of movement that a joint has is referred to as its _________ ___ _________.

Back 26

range of motion (ROM)

Front 27

(ROM)

Back 27

range of motion

Front 28

___________ are tough, dense, fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together.

Back 28

Ligaments

Front 29

When a ligament is completely torn loose from its attachment to a bone, this is called a(n) _____________.

Back 29

Avulsion

Front 30

_____________ are tough strands, or cords of dense connective tissue that serve to attach muscles to bones.

Back 30

_____________ are tough strands, or cords of dense connective tissue that serve to attach muscles to bones.

Front 31

___________ is a specialized flat band of tissue located just below the skin that covers and separates underlying tissues, commonly muscle layers.

Back 31

Fascia

Front 32

_____________ is a semismooth, dense, supporting connective tissue that is found at the ends of bones.

Back 32

Cartilage

Front 33

Explain the function of cartilage.

It forms a cap over the ends of bones & provides support & protection when they are engaged in weight-bearing activities. It absorbs the energy force of weight pressed or thrust against joints to prevent injury to joints, bones, and the cartilage itself; in effect, it functions as a "shock absorber"

Back 33

It forms a cap over the ends of bones & provides support & protection when they are engaged in weight-bearing activities. It absorbs the energy force of weight pressed or thrust against joints to prevent injury to joints, bones, and the cartilage itself; in effect, it functions as a "shock absorber"

Front 34

AKA a "shock absorber"

Back 34

cartilage

Front 35

__________ are closed sacs or cavities of synovial fluid lined with a synovial membrane that make it possible for tendons, bones, and ligaments to glide over each other without creating friction.

Back 35

Bursae

Front 36

________ constitutes 30% of the total body protein and is the major supporting element, or glue, in the connective tissues between cells that holds them together.

Back 36

Collagen

Front 37

What is fibromyalgia?

Back 37

Is a chronic pain condition associated with stiffness and tenderness that affects muscles, tendons, and joints throughout the body. Is also characterized by restless sleep, depression, fatigue, anxiety, and bowel dysfunction.

Front 38

__________ is a very common symptoms in fibromyalgia.

Back 38

Fatigue

Front 39

Fibromyalgia is caused by a bacterial infection.

Back 39

False

Front 40

How long should the widespread pain exist before diagnosing fibromyalgia?

Back 40

minimum of 3 months

Front 41

____________ is an inward curve of the spine sometimes referred to as ___________ or ____________.

Back 41

Lordosis, swayback or saddleback

Front 42

____________ is an abnormal outward curvature of the spine.

Back 42

Kyphosis

Front 43

___________ is a lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.

Back 43

Scoliosis

Front 44

What are some signs and symptoms of scoliosis?

Back 44

Insidious presentation, possibly going unnoticed for years. In women, the 1st indication is often unequal bra straps lengths. The patient, usually an adolescent female, reports back pain, fatigue,and sometimes SOB with exertion. Back reveals lateral curvature of the spine, one shoulder higher than the other, one scapula more prominent than the other, one hip higher than the other, and when the patient bends over, an enlarged muscle mass on one side of the back.

Front 45

What is osteoarthritis?

Your Answer:

A type of arthritis that results from the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints.

Back 45

A type of arthritis that results from the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints.

Front 46

What is another name for osteoarthritis?

Back 46

degenerative joint disease or degenerative arthritis

Front 47

What part of the body and in what age group does osteoarthritis occur mostly?

Back 47

In large weight-bearing joints, knees and hips. smaller joints at end of fingers, wrist, ankles, elbows, spine, pelvis.

mostly in elderly over age 75

Front 48

What are the goals of treatment for osteoarthritis?

Back 48

The goals of treatment are to reduce inflammation to minimize pain, and to maintain functioning joints.

Front 49

What is Lyme disease and what causes it?

Back 49

Is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium, which is injected into the human body by a tick bite.

Front 50

Where was Lyme disease first detected?

Back 50

In Lyme, Connecticut in 1975

Front 51

What is characteristic in nearly half of Lyme disease patients?

Back 51

Red, itchy rash with a red circle center resembling the bull's eye on a target (target lesion) early in illness.

Front 52

If Lyme disease is caught early, it can be completely cured.

Back 52

True

Front 53

What is the treatment of choice for Lyme disease?

Back 53

The drug doxycycline is the choice of treatment for Lyme disease.

Front 54

Is the inflammation of a bursa.

Back 54

bursitis

Front 55

____________ is a serious infection of the bone that requires aggressive antibiotic treatment.

Back 55

Osteomyelitis

Front 56

What bacteria causes 90% of the cases of osteomyelitis?

Back 56

Staphylococcus Aureus

Front 57

Explain how a subperiosteal abscess and a sequestrum might form in osteomyelitis.

Back 57

As the infection progresses, a purulent material called a subperiosteal abscess may develop, causing pressure and eventual fracturing of small pieces of the bone. These fractured, dead pieces of bone may in turn become surrounded by the purulent material and form a sequestrum.

Front 58

A chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests as a acute, episodic form of arthritis; chronic deposits of uric acid forming hard nodules in tissues; and/or kidney impairment or stones.

Back 58

gout

Front 59

Where on the body does gout usually occur?

Back 59

In the joints, especially the 1st metatarsal joint of the great toe.

The joints of the feet, ankle, knees, and even hands can also be affected.

Front 60

hard, uric acid deposits under the skin.

Back 60

tophi

Front 61

__________ __________ or osteitis deformans is a chronic bone disorder that typically results in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown and formation of bone tissue.

Back 61

Paget's Disease

Front 62

What are the 2 stages of Paget's disease and explain each?

Back 62

Vascular Stage - bone tissue is broken down, but the spaces left are filled with blood vessels and fibrous tissue instead of new strong bone.

Sclerotic Stage - the highly vascular fibrous tissue hardens and becomes similar to bone, but it is fragile instead of strong. This can lead to pathologic fractures.

Front 63

In this stage the bone tissue is broken down, but the spaces left are filled with blood vessels and fibrous tissue instead of new strong bone.

Back 63

Vascular Stage -

Front 64

In this stage the highly vascular fibrous tissue hardens and becomes similar to bone, but it is fragile instead of strong. This can lead to pathologic fractures.

Back 64

Sclerotic Stage

Front 65

Injections of a hormone called ________ is a treatment for Paget's disease.

Back 65

calcitonin

Front 66

Is a group of inherited conditions featuring abnormal connective tissue with weakness of blood vessels and excessive length of the extremities. Characterized by abnormally long extremities and digits.

Back 66

Marfan's syndrome

Front 67

This syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. The affected gene is on the long arm of Chromosome 15 and can be inherited as follows: The child of a person who has Marfan's syndrome has a 50% chance of inheriting it.

Back 67

etiology of Marfan's Syndrome

Front 68

Benign musculoskeletal tumors are more prevalent than malignant muscle tumors.

Back 68

true

Front 69

What is the common presenting complaint in bone tumors?

Back 69

pain

Front 70

On xray, which bone tumor has a "sunburst" appearance, and which bone tumor has an "onion skin" appearance and which has a lobular pattern?

Back 70

Osteosarcoma (sunburst), Ewing's sarcoma (onion skin), Chondrosarcomas (lobular)

Front 71

Osteosarcoma

Back 71

sunburst pattern

Front 72

Ewing's sarcoma

Back 72

onion skin pattern

Front 73

Chondrosarcomas

Back 73

lobular pattern

Front 74

Metastatic, or secondary, tumors in bones occur more often than primary tumors.

Back 74

True

Front 75

___________ is the most common type of primary bone neoplasm.

Back 75

Osteosarcoma

Front 76

In osteosarcoma , the _________ __________ __________level is high and in Ewing's sarcoma the __________ __________ is high.

Back 76

serum alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Front 77

Muscle tumors are usually benign and not life threatening.

Back 77

true

Front 78

These tumors often present as a painless lump of a few weeks' or month's duration, often with erythema overlying the skin. Pain and tenderness may be present secondary to pressure effects on a nerve from the mass.

Back 78

Skeletal muscle tumors

Front 79

These tumors are often cause pain of and / or bleeding from the organ affected.

Back 79

Smooth muscle tumor

Front 80

Why are malignant tumors of muscles life threatening?

Back 80

Because the tumor grows and metastasizes rapidly and is difficult to treat; they grow by local extension and infiltrate along tissue planes.

Front 81

A progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles is known as:

Back 81

muscular dystrophy.

Front 82

A strong, tough strand or cord of dense connective tissue that serves as attachment for muscle to bone is:

Back 82

a tendon.

Front 83

The major supporting element or "glue" in the connective tissue is:

Back 83

collagen.

Front 84

Tough, dense, fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together are called:

Back 84

ligaments.

Front 85

The treatment of choice for Lyme's disease is:

Back 85

Doxycycline

Front 86

True or False

Muscles are classified as either voluntary or involuntary.

Back 86

True

Front 87

True or False

The skeletal system is composed of 306 bones.

Back 87

False

Front 88

The complete skeleton is formed by the end of the third month of gestation.

Back 88

True

Front 89

A lateral curvature of the spine is known as:

Back 89

scoliosis.

Front 90

Chronic, progressive inflammatory diseases of bones and joints caused by degenerative changes in the cartilage is called:

Back 90

osteoarthritis

Front 91

Because osteoarthritis cannot be cured, the goal of treatment is to:

Back 91

reduce inflammation. minimize pain. maintain functioning joints.

Front 92

A tick-carried bacteria causes ________, which is characterized by symptoms of arthritis, malaise, myalgia, and neurologic and cardiovascular signs.

Back 92

Lyme's disease

Front 93

Which of the following statements is true about Lyme's disease?

Back 93

It is curable with early treatment.

Front 94

__________ is a hereditary group of conditions of the connective tissue that causes an abnormal growth of the extremities. Cardiovascular complications are common.

Back 94

Marfan's syndrome

Front 95

Risk factors for primary bone tumors include:

Back 95

prior chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. a history of Paget's disease.

Front 96

A bone tumor weakens the bone and makes it more susceptible to fracture when subjected to the slightest strain. This is called:

Back 96

a pathologic fracture.

Front 97

Tumors in muscles are very common.

Back 97

False

Front 98

Which of the following statement(s) about fibromyalgia is (are) true?

Back 98

It is a painful debilitating syndrome that causes chronic pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding joints. The cause is unknown. Diagnosis includes pain at specific tender points.

Front 99

Inflammation of the joints caused by the excessive uric acid levels in the blood and joints is:

Back 99

gouty arthritis.

Front 100

An infection in a bone, which can lead to an abscess formation and sequestrum if not properly cared for, is called:

Back 100

osteomyelitis.

Front 101

A patient reporting bone pain, with or without local swelling, and systemic symptoms:

Back 101

requires a timely medical evaluation. needs the earliest appointment available. neither of the above.

Front 102

Inflammation of the bursae is called polymyositis.

Back 102

False

Front 103

Which is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

Skeletal,

Osteostriated,

Smooth, or

Cardia

Back 103

Osteostriated

Front 104

A chronic bone disorder (also known as osteitis deformans) that typically results in enlarged, deformed bones due to irregular breakdown and formation of bone tissue is called:

Back 104

Paget's disease.

Front 105

An inward curvature of the spine or "swayback" is known as:

Back 105

lordosis.

Front 106

_________ is a condition in which there is wasting or deterioration of bone mass and density.

Back 106

Osteoporosis

Front 107

Does osteoporosis occur more often in men or women?

Back 107

Women

Front 108

Who is at the greatest risk for osteoporosis?

Back 108

Post-menopausal women, women who are small boned, who come from northern European or Asian backgrounds, who smoke, who have a family history of the disease.

Front 109

What are some causes of osteoporosis?

Back 109

Caused by the imbalance between the breakdown of old bone tissue and the manufacture of new bone. Can originate from hormonal or dietary factors or disuse, but trauma may as well. Can also be caused by radiation therapy tx's, malabsorption, smoking, alcohol abuse, calcium-wasting nephropathy, immobility, and chronic disease, like rheumatoid arthritis. Lack of estrogen may be a cause and medication like heparin, phenytoin, cortisone meds like prednisone and prednisolone. Males with a low testosterone level may be a cause.

Front 110

What is the best test to check for osteoporosis?

Back 110

DEXA scan (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan)

Front 111

___________ is defective mineralization of the bones that causes bones to become increasingly soft, flexible and deformed.

Back 111

Osteomalacia

Front 112

In children, osteomalacia is called __________.

Back 112

Rickets

Front 113

What is the cause of osteomalacia or rickets?

Back 113

A deficiency or ineffective use of Vitamin D. Other causes: inadequate exposure to the sunlight, intestinal malabsorption of Vitamin D, Chronic renal disease

Front 114

A ________ is a localized area of enlargement of the inner portion of the metatarsophalangeal joint at the base of the big toe.

Back 114

bunion

Front 115

A bunion is often the result of a foot disorder known as _________ __________ in which the great toe is positioned toward the midline of the body.

Back 115

Hallux Valgus

Front 116

Bunions are common in __________ ________.

Back 116

ballet dancers

Front 117

What are some ways to manage a bunion?

Back 117

Wearing shoes that are roomy "toe box", wearing lower heeled shoes, using padding, applying ice to it, rest the affected joints. Can use medications like Analgesic-antipyretic (aspirin & acetaminophen), corticosteroid shots in the joints, surgeries (bunionectomy, osteotomy, arthroplasty).

Front 118

________ _________ is a stiff big toe that develops as a result of degeneration of the cartilage of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint.

Back 118

Hallux Rigidus

Front 119

What is the name of the procedure to correct a hallux rigidus?

Back 119

A cheilectomy... (then arthrodesis performed if progression is extensive.)

Front 120

What is a hammer toe?

Back 120

Is a condition of the toe in which the toe bends upward like a claw because of an abnormal flexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint; it can occur in any one of the four lesser toes.

Front 121

What causes hammer toe?

Back 121

Although a congenital tendency of a long second metatarsal bone may exist, often shoes that are too short and have pointed toes or high heels may be the contributing factor. Also underlying arthritis from diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis can be a cause.

Front 122

Closed or simple

Back 122

The overlying skin is intact.

Front 123

Open or compound

Back 123

The skin overlying the bone ends is not intact.

Front 124

Longitudinal

Back 124

The fracture extends along the length of the bone.

Front 125

Transverse

Back 125

The fracture is at right angles to the axis of the bone.

Front 126

Oblique

Back 126

The fracture extends in an oblique direction.

Front 127

Greenstick

Back 127

The fracture is on one side of the bone; The other side is bent.

Front 128

Comminuted

Back 128

The bone is splintered or crushed.

Front 129

Impacted

Back 129

The fractured ends of the bones are driven into each other.

Front 130

Pathologic

Back 130

The fracture results from the weakening of the bone due to disease.

Front 131

Nondisplaced

Back 131

The bone ends remain in alignment.

Front 132

Displaced

Back 132

The bone ends are out of alignment.

Front 133

Spiral

Back 133

The fracture results from a twisting mechanism, causing the break to wind around the bone in a spiral.

Front 134

Compression

Back 134

Excessive pressure causes the bone to collapse.

Front 135

Avulsion

Back 135

Tearing away of muscle or ligament is accompanied by tearing away at a bone fragment.

Front 136

Depression

Back 136

Bone fragments of the skull are driven inward.

Front 137

Name some diseases or conditions that can cause pathologic fractures.

Back 137

Neoplasms, TB of the bone, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis

Front 138

What is the reason for most amputations?

Back 138

PVD from atherosclerosis & consequent gangrene, Trauma, malignancy & congenital defects, crushing injuries, open fractures, frostbite, thermal & electrical burns, infection.

Front 139

Explain what phantom limb pain is.

Back 139

Can present itself as a burning sensation of the foot or as a feeling of having the toes stepped on when no limb exists.

Front 140

A _________ is an injured tendon, muscle, or other tissue resulting from overuse, overstretching, or excessive forcible stretching of the tissue beyond its functional capacity.

Back 140

strain

Front 141

A ______ is an acute partial tear of a ligament.

Back 141

sprain

Front 142

A ___________ is the forcible displacement of a bone from its joint thereby causing loss of joint function.

Back 142

dislocation

Front 143

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

Back 143

A rare congenital cause of recurrent dislocations is this inherited connective tissue disorder...also it is characterized by joint hypermobility and skin laxity.

Front 144

What is adhesive capsulitis?

Back 144

AKA "frozen shoulder" - Is condition in which a shoulder is significantly limited in it's ROM as a result of inflammation, scarring, thickening, and shrinkage of the capsule that surrounds the normal shoulder joint.

Front 145

What is another name for adhesive capsulitis?

Back 145

"frozen shoulder"

Front 146

What happens when you sever a tendon?

Back 146

Prevents the muscle from performing its function of moving a body part..

The patient's inability to move , due to this, will cause intense, immediate, severe pain and inflammation. If they become severed, the two ends snap away from each other and are difficult to retrieve.

Front 147

Name the procedure to repair a severed tendon.

Back 147

tenorrhaphy

Front 148

What are shin splints?

Back 148

Are a painful condition involving inflammation of the periosteum, the extensor muscles in the lower leg, and the surrounding tissues.

Front 149

In whom are shin splints especially common?

Back 149

Sports and fitness enthusiasts who jog, run, or engage in high-impact aerobics and is most often bilateral.

Front 150

What is plantar fascitis?

Back 150

AKA "Calcaneal or Heel Spur Syndrome" - Is an inflammatory response at the bottom of the heel bone (calcaneus).

Front 151

What is a ganglion?

Back 151

Is a benign, saclike swelling, or cyst, that is filled with a colorless, jellylike fluid...BaIls formed from the tissue that lines a joint or tendon.

Front 152

Where do ganglions usually develop?

Back 152

Back of the wrist. Can also near other joints, such as around the ankle joint, behind the knee, and on the fingers

Front 153

What is a meniscus?

Back 153

Is a semilunar cartilage found in the knee joint. There are 2 of these within the joint: medial and lateral.

Front 154

What sound does the knee make when a person has a torn meniscus?

Back 154

snapping/clicking called crepitus

Front 155

How is a torn meniscus treated?

Back 155

Immobilized immediately and elevated, with ice applied to slow bleeding and edema.. No weight bearing should be allowed .. see doctor immediately.. Anti-inflammatory or Analgesic Meds are often needed.. also it is done by arthroscopically with the patient under anesthetic, unless the injury to the cruciate ligaments also has occurred. A menisectomy may be performed.

Front 156

What are the signs and symptoms of a rotator cuff tear?

Back 156

Can produce an immediate snapping sound and acute pain.. the person may be unable to abduct the arm. ROM becomes limited to varying degrees depending on the severity of the particular tear.