Ch. 7 - Ch.12 Vocab Of The Human Mosaic

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geodemography

Back 1

the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, and mobility

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population density

Back 2

the amount of people within a given area (people per square mile)

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birthrate

Back 3

the number of births per year per thousand population

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total fertility rate (TFR)

Back 4

the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 44 years of age

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zero population growth

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with a TFR of 2.1, this is the condition in which a population is stabilized, one that does not increase or decrease

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death rates

Back 6

the number of deaths per year per thousand population

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population explosion

Back 7

a dramatic increase in world population since 1900 (caused by a dramatic decrease in death rate)

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population pyramid

Back 8

a very useful device for comparing age characteristics

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infant mortality rate

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a measure of how many children per thousand die before reaching one year of age

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push-and-pull factors

Back 10

unfavorable, repelling conditions and favorable, attractive conditions that interact to affect migration and other elements of diffusion

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carrying capacity

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the maximum number of people that can be supported by a given area

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personal space

Back 12

the amount of space that individuals feel "belongs" to them as they move about their everyday business

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farmstead

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the center of farm operations, containing the house, barn, sheds, and livestock pens

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farm village

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a clustered rural settlement of moderate size, inhabited by people who are engaged in farming

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agriculture

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the cultivation of domesticated crops and the raising of domesticated animals

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agro-region

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a culture region based on characteristics of agriculture, within which a given type of agriculture exists

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swidden cultivation

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a type of agriculture characterized by land rotation, in which temporary clearings are used for several years and then abandoned to be replaced by new clearings; also known as "slash & burn agriculture"

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intercropping

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the practice of growing two or more different types of crops in the same field at the same time

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subsistence agriculture

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farming to supply the minimum food and materials necessary to survive

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paddy rice farming

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the cultivation of rice on a paddy, or small flooded field enclosed by mud dikes, practiced in the humid areas of the far east

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double-cropping

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harvesting twice a year from the same parcel of land

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peasant

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a farmer belonging to a folk culture and practicing a traditional system of agriculture

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plantation agriculture

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a system of monoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capital; originally dependent on slave labor

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plantation

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a large landholding devoted to specialized production of a tropical cash crop

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market gardening

Back 25

farming devoted to specialized fruit, vegetable, or vine crops for sale rather than consumption

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livestock fattening

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a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat

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feedlot

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a factory like farm devoted to either livestock fattening or dairying; all feed is imported and no crops are grown on the farm

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suitcase farm

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in American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives,; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews

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agribusiness

Back 29

highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership

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nomadic livestock herders

Back 30

a member of a group that continuously moves with its livestock in search of forage for its animals

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sedentary cultivation

Back 31

farming in fixed and permenant fields

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ranching

Back 32

the commercial raising of herd livestock on a large landholding

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urban agriculture

Back 33

the raising of food,including fruit, vegetables, meat, and milk, inside cities, especially common in the Third World

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hunting-and-gathering

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the killing of wild game and the harvesting of wild plants to provide food in the traditional cultures

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domesiticated plant

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a plant deliberately planted and trended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding

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green revolution

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the recent introduction of high-yield hybrid crops and chemical fertilizers and pesticides into traditional Asian agricultural systems, most notably paddy rice farming, with attendant increases in production and ecological damage

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desertification

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a process whereby human actions unintentionally turn productive lands into deserts through agricultural and pastoral misuse, destroying vegetation and soil to the point where they cannot regenerate

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intensive agriculture

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the expenditure of much labor and capital on a price of land to increase is productivity. In contrast, Extensive Agriculture involves less labor and capital

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monocultural

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the raising of only one crop on a huge tract of land in agribusiness

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genetically modified (GM) crops

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plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered through recombinant DNA technology

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agricultural landscape

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the cultural landscape of agriculture areas

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survey patterns

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a pattern of original land survey in an area

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hamlet

Back 43

a small rural settlement, smaller than a village

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industrial revolution

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a series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700's, that led to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process

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primary industries

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an industry engaged in the extraction of natural resources, such as agriculture, lumbering, and mining

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secondary industries

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an industry engaged in processing raw materials into finished products, manufacturing

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services

Back 47

the range of economic activities that provide services to industry

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nonrenewable resources

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a resource that must be depleted to be used, such as petroleum

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renewable resources

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a resource that is not depleted if wisely used, such as forests, water, fishing grounds, and agricultural land

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uneven development

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the tendency for industry to develop in a core-periphery pattern, enriching the industrialized countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized periphery. This term is also used to describe urban patterns in which suburban areas are enriched while the inner city is impoverished

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technopole

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a center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based industry

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deindustrialization

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the decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise of the service sectors of the industrial economy

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transnational corporations

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companies that have international production, marketing, and management facilities

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postindustrial phase

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a society characterized by the dominance of the service sectors of economic activity

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transportation/communication services

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the range of economic activities that provide transport and communication to businesses

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producer services

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the range of economic activities required by producers of goods

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high-tech corridors

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areas along a limited-access highway that houses offices and other services associated with high-tech industries

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consumer services

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the range of economic activities that facilitate the consumption of goods

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cottage industry

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a traditional type of manufacturing in the pre-industrial revolution era, practiced on a small scale in individual rural households as a part-time occupation and designed to produce handmade goods for local consumption

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guild industry

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a traditional type of manufacturing in the pre-industrial revolution era, involving handmade goods of high quality manufactured by highly skilled artisans who resided in towns and cities

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acid rain

Back 61

rainfall with much higher acidity than normal, caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides derived from the burning of fossil fuels being flushed from the atmosphere by precipitation, with lethal effects for many plants and animals

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global warming

Back 62

the pronounced climatic warming of the earth that has occurred since about 1920 and particularly since the 1970s

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greenhouse effect

Back 63

a process in which the increased release of carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere, caused by industrial activity and deforestation, permits solar short-wave heat radiation to reach the Earth's surface bout blocks long-wave outgoing radiation, causing a thermal imbalance and global heating

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ecotourism

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responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people

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Greens

Back 65

activists and organizations, including political parties, whose central concern is addressing environmental deterioration

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labor-intensive industries

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an industry for which labor costs represent a large portion of total production costs

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"footloose"

Back 67

industries that are able to shift the location of their facilities in order to take advantage of cheap labor costs

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outsource

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the physical separation of some economic activities from the main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor

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market

Back 69

the geographical area in which a product may be sold in a volume and at a price profitable to the manufacturer

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agglomeration

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a snowballing geographical process by which secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets

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export processing zones (EPZs)

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designated areas of countries where governments create conditions conductive to export-oriented production

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industrial landscape

Back 72

landscape forms that result from industrial activity

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urbanized population

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the proportion of a country's population living in cities

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world city

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one of the largest cities in the world, with a population of over 10 million

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primate city

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a city of large size and dominant power within a country

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agricultural surplus

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the amount of food grown by a society that exceeds the demands of its population

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hydraulic civilization

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a civilization based on large-scale irrigation

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urban hearth area

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a region in which the world's first cities evolved

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cosmomagical city

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a type of city that is laid out in accordance with religious principles, characteristic of very early cities, particularly in China

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axis mundi

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the symbolic center of cosmomagical cities, often demarcated by a large, vertical structure

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urban morphology

Back 81

the form and structure of cities, including street patterns and the size and shape of buildings

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functional zonation

Back 82

the pattern of land uses within a city; the existence of areas with different functions, such as residential, commercial, and governmental

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global city

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a city that is a control center of the global economy

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globalizing city

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a city experiencing significant economic and social changes related to the global economy

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colonial city

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a city founded by colonialism or an indigenous city whose structure was deeply influenced by Western colonialism

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imperialism

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the extension of political control by one country over foreign nations, often through military means

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laissez-faire utilitarianism

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the belief that economic competition without government interference produces the most public good

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decentralization

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the tendency of people or business and industry to locate outside the central city

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megalopolis

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a large urban region formed as several urban areas spread and merge, such as Boswash, the region including Boston, New York, and Washington D.C.

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edge cities

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a new urban cluster of economic activity that surrounds nineteenth-century downtowns

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squatter settlements (barriadas)

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illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters, that surround large cities

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extended metropolitan region (EMR)

Back 92

a new type of urban region, complex in both landscape form and function, created by the rapid spatial expansion of cities in the developing world

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site

Back 93

the local setting of a city

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situation

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the regional setting of a city

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defensive site

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a location where a city can be easily defended

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trade-route site

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a place for a city that is at a significant point on transportation routes

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spatial distribution

Back 97

the arrangement of a particular landscape feature or features throughout a unit of space

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central-place theory

Back 98

a set of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban service centers

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central place

Back 99

a town or city engaged primarily in the service stages of production; a regional center

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threshold

Back 100

in central-place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible

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range

Back 101

in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service

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hinterland

Back 102

the area surrounding a city but still influenced by it

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central business district (CBD)

Back 103

the central portion of a city, characterized by high-density land uses

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social culture region

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an area in a city where many of the residents share social traits such as income, education, and stage of life

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ethnic culture region

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an area occupied by people of similar ethnic background who share traits of ethnicity, such as language and migration history

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census tracts

Back 106

small districts used by the US Census Bureau to survey the population

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neighborhood

Back 107

a small social area within a city where residents share values and concerns and interact with one another on a daily basis

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homelessness

Back 108

a temporary or permanent condition of not having a legal home address

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centralizing forces

Back 109

diffusion forces that encourage people or businesses to locate in the central city

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decentralizing forces

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the tendency of people and businesses to locate outside the central city

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lateral commuting

Back 111

traveling from one suburb to another in going from home to work

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restrictive covenant

Back 112

a statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of the land in some way; often used in some way to prohibit certain groups of people from buying property

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redlining

Back 113

a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be a high risk for ousing loans

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checkerboard development

Back 114

a mixture of farmlands and housing tracts

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in-filling

Back 115

new building on empty parcels of land within a checkerboard pattern of development

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gentrification

Back 116

the displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as buildings in deteriorated areas of city centers are restored

Front 117

heat island

Back 117

an area of warmer temperatures at the center of a city, caused by the urban concentration of the heat-retaining concrete, brick, and asphalt

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dust domes

Back 118

a pollution layer over a city that is thickest at the center of the city

Front 119

concentric-zone model

Back 119

a social model that depicts a city as five areas bounded by concentric rings

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sector model

Back 120

an economic model that depicts a city as a series of pie-shaped wedges

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multiple nuclei model

Back 121

a model that depicts a city growing from several separate focal points

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cityscape

Back 122

an urban landscape

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palimpsest

Back 123

a term used to describe cultural landscapes with various layers and historical "messages." Geographers use this term to reinforce the notion of the landscape as a text that can be read; a landscape palimpsest has elements of both modern and past periods

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office park

Back 124

a cluster of office buildings usually located along an interstate, often forming the nucleus of an edge city

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master-planned community

Back 125

large-scale residential developments that include, in addition to architecturally compatible housing units, planned recreational facilities, schools, and security measures

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festival settings

Back 126

a multiuse redevelopment project that is built around a particular setting, often one with a historical association

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glocalization

Back 127

the process by which global forces of change interact with local cultures. altering both in the process

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neolocalism

Back 128

the desire to re-embrace the uniqueness and authenticity of place, in response to globalization