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80 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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The nervous system's capacity to the acquire and retain skills and knowledge, enables organisms to take info from experiences and store it for retrieval -Often incomplete, distorted |
Memory |
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Acts as an analogy to how computers process info. Consists of the stages: Sensory Input -> Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieval |
Information Processing Model |
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The processing of the info so that it can be stored. The brain changes the information into neural code. ie) Info being entered into a keyboard |
Encoding |
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The retention of encoded representations over time. The information is being stored in the brain. ie) Info being stored on a computer's hard drive |
Storage |
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The act of recalling/remembering stored info when it is needed ie) Just as the info shows up on-screen so it can be viewed |
Retrieval |
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A process by which immediate memories become lasting (long term) memories |
Consolidation |
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__________________ coordinate/strengthen the connections between the neurons when something is being learned |
Medial Temporal Lobes |
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The brain region that specializes in working memory |
Prefrontal Cortex |
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The brain region that specializes spatial memory |
Hippocampus |
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The brain region that specializes declarative memory |
Temporal Lobe |
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The brain region that specializes fear learning |
Amygdala |
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The brain region that specializes motor action learning/memory |
Cerebellum |
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Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval. The memories that are retrieved on past events are affected by the new circumstances |
Reconsolidation |
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Processing multiple types of info at the same time. We can selectively attend to one feature, and block out the others by blocking the further processing of the others |
Parallel Processing |
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Phenomenon that explains why we are able to focus on one conversation when there other conversation that are occurring around you but a pertinent stimulus can catch your attention |
Cocktail Party Phenomenon |
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Simultaneously given two messages. You are then instructed to repeat one of them out loud. The unattended messages is being acknowledged that its there but the content is overlooked |
Shadowing |
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A failure to notice large changes in one's environment, this means that the brain was attending to a limited amount of information |
Change Blindness |
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A memory system that very briefly stores sensory info in close to it's original sensory form. This system changes the incoming information into neural impulses. Occurs when a stimulus leaves a vanishing trace on the nervous system |
Sensory Memory |
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Model: Sensory Input -> Sensory Memory (the unattended information becomes lost) -ATTENTION-> Short Term Memory (the unrehearsed info using maintenance rehearsal becomes lost)-ENCODING-> Long Term Memory (Some info may be lost over time) |
Atkisson/Shiffrin's 3 Part Memory Model |
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A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness. Verbal info is rehearsed until it was stored/forgotten |
Short Term Memory |
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An active processing system that keeps different types of info available for current use. This system combines different info from multiple sources and stored for about 20-30 seconds, if the information is not rehearsed, it disappears |
Working Memory |
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The relatively permanent storage of info, where the capacity is nearly limitless |
Long Term Memory |
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The ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, with items presented early/late in the list remembered better than those in the middle |
Serial Position Effect |
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The better memory people have for the items presented at the beginning of the list (due to long term memory) |
The Primacy Effect |
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The better memory people have for the most recent items (the ones at the end of the list) (due to working memory) |
The Recency Effect |
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Organizing info into meaningful units to make it easier to remember. The greater your expertise with the material will ensure a higher efficiency of organizing the information |
Chunking |
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Stated that our span is limited to seven times (+/- 2) = memory span. Varies amongst individuals. Our memory span increases as we develop through our childhood years and will eventually diminish with age. |
George Miller |
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Model: The more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered |
Levels of Processing Model (Craik/Lockhart) |
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Who were responsible for the Levels of Processing Model? |
Craik and Lockhart |
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Encodes the information in more meaningful ways |
Elaborative Rehearsal |
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Repeating something over and over to establish a piece of information |
Maintenance Rehearsal |
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Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process and use information -Used to construct new memories by filling in the holes in existing memories, overlooking inconsistent info, and interpreting meaning based on past experiences |
Schema |
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An items distinctive features are linked so as to identify them -Nodes represent each unit of information, and each node is connected to many others -Activating a node, activates the surrounding nodes and the closer the node = stronger the association |
Networks of Association (Collins/Loftus) |
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The idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience |
Encoding Specificity Principle (Tulving) |
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Anything that helps a person recall information that is stored in long-term memory |
Retrieval Cue |
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The kind of memory enhancement, when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation -Promotes a sense of familiarity |
Context Dependent Memory |
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When a person's internal states match during encoding and recall, memory can be enhanced |
State-Dependent Memory |
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Learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve through recall through the use of retrieval cues ie) Method of Loci |
Mnemonics |
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Associating items you want to remember with a physical location |
Method of Loci aka Memory Palace |
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The system underlying unconscious memories |
Implicit Memories |
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The system underlying conscious memories |
Explicit Memories |
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The type of memory for one's past personal experiences ie) Your 16th birthday |
Episodic Memory |
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The type of memory for the knowledge about the world ie) Knowing the capitals of countries we have never gone to Knowing that 3 strikes means the batter is out in baseball without experiencing playing |
Semantic Memory |
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The type of memory where the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory that can be declared and involve words, concepts, and visual images ie) What you ate for dinner last night The meaning of a word |
Declarative Memory |
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The type of memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits, and is resistant to decay ie) Learning how to ride a bike |
Procedural Memory aka Motor Memory |
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Remembering to do something at some future time. It involves both automatic and controlled processes. Sometimes a particular environment/stimuli can trigger it. |
Prospective Memory |
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The inability to retrieve memory from long term storage |
Forgetting |
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Believed that forgetting occurs rapidly over the first few days, but eventually levels off |
Ebbinghaus |
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Although you won't be able to recall how to do calculus from high school, if you were to relearn it = it'll take less time and effort to relearn it |
Methods of Saving (Ebbinghaus) |
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Came up with the 7 Sins of Memory |
Schacter |
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What are the 7 Sins of Memory? |
Transience Blocking Absentmindedness Persistence Source Misattribution Bias Suggestibility |
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7 Sins of Memory The reduced memory over time ie) Forgetting the plot of a movie |
Transience (Forgetting) |
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7 Sins of Memory The inability to remember needed information ie) Not being able to remember someone's name after you have met them |
Blocking (Forgetting) |
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7 Sins of Memory The reduced memory due to failing to pay attention, when you are on "autopilot" mode ie) Losing your keys, forgetting a meeting |
Absentmindedness (Forgetting) |
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7 Sins of Memory The resurgence of unwanted/disturbing memories that we would like to forget ie) Remembering an embarrassing moment PTSD |
Persistance (Undesirable) |
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7 Sins of Memory Assigning a memory to the wrong source ie) Thinking the bus driver was the bank robber when the bus driver was also an eye witness |
Misattribution (Distortion) |
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7 Sins of Memory The influence of current knowledge on our memories for past events. Remembering past attitudes as similar to current attitudes even though they have changed |
Bias (Distortion) |
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7 Sins of Memory Altering a memory because of misleading information. Developing a false memory for an event that didn't happen |
Suggestibility (Distortion) |
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When the prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information ie) studying for a psych test -> studying math -> taking the math test =The material you studied for psych will prevent you from recalling the material for math |
Proactive Interference |
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When the new information inhibits the ability to remember old information ie) studying for a psych test -> studying math -> taking the psych test =The material you studied for math will prevent you from recalling the material for psych |
Retroactive Interference |
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A phenomenon that explains people experiencing frustration as they try to recall specific/somewhat obscure words |
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon (Brown/MacNeill) |
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A deficit in long term memory, resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma, in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information from long term memory |
Amnesia |
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A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information |
Retrograde Amnesia |
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A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories |
Anterograde Amnesia |
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The drug that is intended to "erase" a traumatic memory by blocking the post-synaptic norepinephrine receptors |
Propanolol |
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The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs and attitudes. The memories revise when the beliefs/attitudes change. People tend to exaggerate their contributions in group efforts ie) Take for success / Blame others for failures |
Memory Bias |
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Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event. Being able to remember specific details such as who you were with and where you were. People tend to be more confident with this type of memory than their ordinary memories |
Flashbulb Memories |
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The type of source misattribution where one mistakenly believes that someone is famous simply because their name sounds familiar |
False Fame Effect |
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The type of source misattribution where an argument initially isn't very persuasive because it comes from a questionable source, but it becomes more persuasive over time |
Sleeper Effect |
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A type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory from an event but can't remember where they encountered the information |
Source Amnesia |
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The absence of early memories, may be due to the lack of linguistic capacity as well as to immature frontal lobes |
Childhood amnesia |
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A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks they have come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source |
Cryptomnesia |
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What is a factor that plays into poor eyewitness identification? |
People are bad at identifying/distinguishing people outside of their race |
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The suggestibility experiment that affected how the subjects perceived the severity of a car accident. Words such as "smashed" were compared to "hit", "bumped", and "collided" affected the answers of the subject |
Loftus and Palmer |
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The process where a person imagines an event, then forms a mental image of the event then later confuse the mental image with the real memory. Children are very susceptible to this process |
False Memories |
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The unintended false recollection of episodic memories. Also known as "honest lying" where the person doesn't intend to deceive, but is unaware that their story is fake |
Confabulation |
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The outcome of damage to the frontal lobe and the limbic brain regions (where the emotions are disconnected to the visual input) the patient believe that their family members have been replaced by imposters |
Capgras Syndrome |
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A state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information |
Attention |
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Multitasking can be defined as the attempt to perform two or more tasks simultaneously |
Divided Attention |
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The process by which a person can selectively pick out one message from a mixture of messages occurring simultaneously |
Selective Attention |
