Ch. 7 A & P

Front 1

____________is where two or more bones meet. _____ hold bones together and usually allow movement, but some______ are immovable.
Every bone in the body forms a joint with another bone except the _____.

Back 1

An articulation or joint is where two or more bones meet. Joints hold bones together and usually allow movement, but some joints are immovable. Every bone in the body forms a joint with another bone except the hyoid.

Front 2

Structurally joints can be classified as what 3 characteristics?

Back 2

Structurally joints can be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial.

Front 3

With fibrous joints bones are held together by ________. These joints are _________ or allow slight movement.

Back 3

With fibrous joints bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue. These joints are immovable or allow slight movement.

Front 4

_______are fibrous joints between bones of the skull. The bones interlock at the suture and also are held together by what type of tissue?
In some cases, bones at a suture fuse together to become _______. This is called a _______. An example is the _______ suture between the frontal bones.

Back 4

Sutures are fibrous joints between bones of the skull. The bones interlock at the suture and also are held together by dense regular connective tissue. In some cases, bones at a suture fuse together to become one bone. This is called a synostosis. An example is the metopic suture between the frontal bones.

Front 5

Syndesmoses are what?
The distal articulation of the ____ and _____ is a syndesmosis.

Back 5

Syndesmoses are fibrous joints in which the bones are connected by a ligament. The distal articulation of the tibia and fibula is a syndesmosis.

Front 6

Gomphoses are _______ that bind teeth to _______ sockets in the _____ and _____. The fibrous connection is a _________ligament.

Back 6

Gomphoses are fibrous joints that bind teeth to alveolar sockets in the mandible and maxillae. The fibrous connection is a periodontal ligament.

Front 7

Synchondroses are ______ joints in which bones are joined together by _____ cartilage. These may be immovable or may allow slight movement. Examples are the _____ connection between _____ and the _____, and the ______plate in a long bone.

Back 7

Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints in which bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage. These may be immovable or may allow slight movement. Examples are the cartilage connection between rib 1 and the sternum, and the epiphyseal plate in a long bone.

Front 8

Symphyses are __________ joints in which bones are joined by _______. The cartilage pads between the bodies of __________(___________) and the ___________ are examples of this type of joint. These joints allow slight movement.

Back 8

Symphyses are cartilaginous joints in which bones are joined by fibrocartilage. The cartilage pads between the bodies of vertebrae (intervertebral discs) and the symphysis pubis are examples of this type of joint. These joints allow slight movement.

Front 9

In a synovial joint the bones are separated by a ___________. Most of the joints that connect bones of the_________skeleton are ________ joints. _________ joints are immovable or freely movable?

Back 9

In a synovial joint the bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity. Most of the joints that connect bones of the appendicular skeleton are synovial joints. Synovial joints are freely movable.

Front 10

Features that are common to synovial joints include:

_______cartilage covers the ______________.

Back 10

Features that are common to synovial joints include:

Articular cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces.

Front 11

Features that are common to synovial joints include:
________are pads of fibrocartilage between opposing bones in a synovial joint.

Back 11

Menisci may be present. These are pads of fibrocartilage between opposing bones in a synovial joint.

Front 12

___________ encloses the joint cavity. The outer layer, __________, is continuous with the _________ around the bones. The inner layer is _________which secretes__________ fluid. _______fluid lubricates the __________ and provides some ____________.

Back 12

A joint capsule encloses the joint cavity. The outer layer, the fibrous capsule, is continuous with the periosteum around the bones. The inner layer is synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and provides some cushioning.

Front 13

_______ and____________ outside the joint capsule ________ and _________ the joint, and can keep movement at the joint within the normal range.

Back 13

Ligaments and tendons outside the joint capsule stabilize and reinforce the joint, and can keep movement at the joint within the normal range.

Front 14

__________ are extensions of the joint cavity lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They provide a________ and reduce friction where _________and ________ rub against other tissues.

Back 14

Bursae are extensions of the joint cavity lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They provide a cushion and reduce friction where ligament and tendons rub against other tissues.

Front 15

_________ are long bursae wrapped around a tendon where it crosses a _________.

Back 15

Tendon sheaths are long bursae wrapped around a tendon where it crosses a bone surface.

Front 16

There are six structural types of synovial joints. Synovial joints are also described based on the degree and types of movement allowed. A ________ joint allows movement along one axis only; a _________ joint allows movement along two axes and a _________joint allows movement along several axes.

Back 16

There are six structural types of synovial joints. Synovial joints are also described based on the degree and types of movement allowed. A uniaxial joint allows movement along one axis only; a biaxial joint allows movement along two axes and a multiaxial joint allows movement along several axes.

Front 17

______ or _________ have flat surfaces that slide across each other. ________ joints and the _________ joint are examples. Plane joints are ___________.

Back 17

Plane or gliding joints have flat surfaces that slide across each other. Intercarpal joints and the acromioclaviular joint are examples. Plane joints are uniaxial.

Front 18

_________ joints allow only rotation around one axis (uniaxial). The ______and ________ joint is a pivot joint.

Back 18

Pivot joints allow only rotation around one axis (uniaxial). The atlas and axis joint is a pivot joint.

Front 19

_________ allow angular motion along one axis (uniaxial). Examples are ________ and _________.

Back 19

Hinge joints allow angular motion along one axis (uniaxial). Examples are elbow and knee.

Front 20

_____and __________ joints: round head of one bone fits into cup-shaped depression in another. This allows all combinations of __________ and _________ movements (multiaxial). Examples are _____and _____ joint.

Back 20

Ball and socket joints: round head of one bone fits into cup-shaped depression in another. This allows all combinations of angular and rotational movements (multiaxial). Examples are hip joint and shoulder joint.

Front 21

__________ joint: an ellipsoidal articular surface fits into depression in opposing surface. This allows __________ motion along_____ axes (biaxial). Examples are the ________ and ___________ joints.

Back 21

Ellipsoidal joint: an ellipsoidal articular surface fits into depression in opposing surface. This allows angular motion along two axes (biaxial). Examples are the radiocarpal joint and meta-carpalphalangeal joints.

Front 22

________ joint: articular surfaces are concave and convex, fit together like a rider in a saddle (_____axial). An example is the ______ and _______ of the thumb.

Back 22

Saddle joint: articular surfaces are concave and convex, fit together like a rider in a saddle (biaxial). An example is the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb.

Front 23

With ______ movement, flat surfaces of bones slide over each other. This type of movement occurs in ________ joints

Back 23

Gliding Movement

With gliding movement, flat surfaces of bones slide over each other. This type of movement occurs in plane joints

Front 24

_________movement changes the angle between two parts

Back 24

Angular movement changes the angle between two parts

Front 25

_________decreases the joint angle and brings ________ closer together

Back 25

Flexion decreases the joint angle and brings two bones closer together

Front 26

____________ increases the angle between the bones.

Back 26

Extension increases the angle between the bones.

Front 27

___________is movement away from the median plane.

Back 27

Abduction is movement away from the median plane.

Front 28

__________ is movement toward the median plane.

Back 28

Adduction is movement toward the median plane.

Front 29

__________ is turning of a structure around it’s long axis.

Back 29

Rotation is turning of a structure around it’s long axis.

Front 30

_________ and _________refer to rotation movements of the forearm.

Back 30

Pronation and supination refer to rotation movements of the forearm.

Front 31

__________is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces down (inferiorly).

Back 31

Pronation is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces down (inferiorly).

Front 32

_________ is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up (superiorly).

Back 32

Supination is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up (superiorly).

Front 33

__________ is movement of the arm so that it describes a cone. This is a combination of _______, _________, _______ and __________.

Back 33

Circumduction is movement of the arm so that it describes a cone. This is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

Front 34

_______: a ligament is partially or completely torn.

Back 34

Sprain: a ligament is partially or completely torn.

Front 35

__________: inflammation of a bursa. It may be due to excessive _______ or ________, ________, or ________.

Back 35

Bursitis: inflammation of a bursa. It may be due to excessive stress or friction, trauma, or infection.

Front 36

_________ (_______): articulating surfaces of bones are forced out of their normal positions. This is usually accompanied by _________, ________ and _______. Must be reduced, i.e. bones returned to normal position. ___________ is a partial dislocation.

Back 36

Dislocation (luxation): articulating surfaces of bones are forced out of their normal positions. This is usually accompanied by sprain, inflammation and immobility. Must be reduced, i.e. bones returned to normal position. Subluxation is a partial dislocation.

Front 37

_________: inflammation of a joint. There are more than how many types of _same as above blank____?.

Back 37

Arthritis: inflammation of a joint. There are more than 100 types of arthritis.

Front 38

__________ or __________affects the articular cartilages in synovial joints, especially weight bearing joints (hips and knees).

Back 38

Osteoarthritis (OA) or degenerative joint affects the articular cartilages in synovial joints, especially weight bearing joints (hips and knees).

Front 39

Osteoarthritis (OA) or degenerative joint is more common in ____ people, but can occur in ________ people (genetic basis). As_______cartilages are destroyed the _______ ends of the bones thicken and bony _____ form, which restrict joint movement.

Back 39

It is more common in older people, but can occur in young people (genetic basis). As articular cartilages are destroyed the exposed ends of the bones thicken and bony spurs form, which restrict joint movement.

Front 40

Factors that contribute to OA are ____, ____, ____ and____, muscle _____ and _____ of joints.

Back 40

Factors that contribute to OA are age, obesity, wear and abrasion, muscle weakness and irritation of joints.

Front 41

____________ is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system
attacks the joint cartilage and lining.

Back 41

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system
attacks the joint cartilage and lining.

Front 42

what type of arthritis may be triggered by bacteria, viruses, or allergies?

Back 42

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Front 43

Rheumatoid arthritis begins with _______ of the ___________membrane.

Back 43

Rheumatoid arthritis begins with inflammation of the synovial membrane.

Front 44

Rheumatoid arthritis- The joint swells due to _________ fluid and inflammatory cells migrate into the _______ cavity.

Back 44

The joint swells due to accumulation of synovial fluid and inflammatory cells migrate into the joint cavity.

Front 45

Enzymes released by the __________cells destroy the ________, and as________ forms the ends of the bones in the joint are fused together.

Back 45

Enzymes released by the inflammatory cells destroy the cartilage, and as scar tissue forms the ends of the bones in the joint are fused together.

Front 46

Rheumatoid arthritis can be treated with _________ drugs and ___________.

Back 46

Rheumatoid arthritis can be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants.

Front 47

______ and _________ can help maintain joint mobility. Affected joint may be replaced with ________ in some cases.

Back 47

Exercise and physical therapy can help maintain joint mobility. Affected joint may be replaced with artificial joint in some cases.