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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pigments
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a class of molecules that absorb photons with particular wavelenghts
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chlorophyll a
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the most abundant type in plants, green algae and number of photoautotropic bacteria
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carotenoids
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absorb blue-violet and blue-green wavelengths, and reflect red, orange and yellow ones
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xanthophlls
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yellow, brown, purple, or blue accessory pigment
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phycobilins
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red or blue-green
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anthocyanin
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a red-purple pigment show through
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light-dependent reactions
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converts light energy to chemical bond energy of ATP
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light-independent reaction
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energy from ATP jump-starts reactions that form glucose and other carbohydrates
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Chloroplast
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organelles of photosynthesis in plants and algae
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thylakoid membrane
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a third membrane folded in ways that form a single compartment
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photosystems
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cluster of 200 to 300 pigments and other molecules that trap energy from the sun
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electron transfer chains
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Array of membrane bound enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, allows the release and capture of energy in small, useful increments
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ATP synthases
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membrane-bound active transport protein that acts as an enzymes of ATP formation
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Calvin-Benson cycle
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runs inside the stroma of chloroplast, this cyclic pathway uses ATP and NADPH from the light depended reaction
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Rubisco
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an enzyme transfers a cabon from CO2 to five-carbon ribulose biphospate or RuBP
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Carbon Fixation
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Autotrophic cell secures carbon atoms from the air and incorporates them into a stable organic compound
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Stomata
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a gap between two guard cells in leaf or stem epidermis, allows the diffusion of water vapor and gases across the epidermis
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C3 plants
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plant that makes three-carbon PGA in the first step of carbon fixation
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C4 plants
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plants that make four-carbon oxalocacetate in the first step of carbon fixation
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CAM plants
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open stomata at night and fix carbon by repeated turns of a C4 cycle, then the Calvin Benson cycle runs the next day
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fossils
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the remains and impressions of organisms that lived in the past
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Fossilization
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a slow process that starts when an organism or traces of it becomes covered by volcanic ash or sediments
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straification
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the formation of sedimentarty rock layers
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lineage
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an ancestor-descendant sequence of cells, population, or species
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radiometric dating
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a way to measure the proportion of a daughter isotope and the parent radioisotope of some element trapped inside a rock since the time the rock formed
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half-life
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the time it takes for half of a quantity of a radioisotope's atoms to decay
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geologic time scale
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chronology of earth history, major subdivisions correspond to mass extinctions
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macroevolution
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major patterns, trends, and rates of change among lineages
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theory of uniformity
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theory that earths surface changes in slow, uniformly repetitive ways. helped change Darwin's view of evolution. has since been replaced by plate tectonics theory
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pangea
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paleozonic supercontinent
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plate tectonic theory
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idea that great slabs of the earth's outer layer float about slowly on the mantle beneath them and have rafted continents to new positions over time
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Gondwana
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a supercontinent that receded panga
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comparative morphology
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the study of body forms and structure or major groups of organisms such as vertebrates and flowering plants
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homologous structures
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similar body part that occurs in different species as a result of descent from a common anestor
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morphological divergence
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change from the body form of a common ancestor is a major macroevolutionary pattern
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morpholigical concergence
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dissimilar body parts evolved in similar ways in evolutionarily distant lineages
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analogous structures
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wings of bat bird and insects
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nucleic acid hybridization
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base-pairing between DNA strands form different sources
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molecular clock
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the time of origin of one lineage or species relative to others may be estimated by comparing the number of neutral mutations, assumes that accumulation of neutral mutations occurs at a fixed rate
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species
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latin word that simply means "kind"
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biological species concept
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the definition of a species is based on its reproductive isolation
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gene flow
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the movement of alleles into and out of a populations by immigration and emigration
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genetic divergence
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accumulation of difference in the gene pools of populations after something stops gene flow between them. over time if some of he differences promote reductive isolation, speciation may follow
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reproductive isolating mechanisms
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any heritable aspect of body form, function, or behavior that prevents interbreeding between populations of the same species
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allopatric speciation
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a physical carrier arises and stops gene flow between two populations or subpopulations of a species
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archipelago
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an island chain some distance from a continent
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sympatric speciation
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species may form within the home range of an existing species in the absence of physical barrier
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polyploidy
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having three or more of each chromosome type characteristic of a species
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parapatric speciation
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happens when different selection pressures operating across a broad reion affect populations that are in contact along a common border
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cladogenesis
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speciation pattern a lineage splits and populations diverge genetically
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anagensis
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changes in allele frequencies and morphology accumulate in one line of descent
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evolutionary trees
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summarize info about the continuity of relationships among groups
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higher taxa
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ever more inclusive groupings of species
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puntuation model of speciation
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a different way to view patterns of speciation
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adaptive radiation
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a burst of divergences from a single lineage that led to many new species
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adaprive zones
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some way of life available to species physically and behaviorally able to live it
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key innovations
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change in body form or function that allows a lineage to exploit that environment in more efficient or novel ways
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extinction
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an irrevocable loss of species
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mass extinctions
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catastrophic losses of entire families or other major groups
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classification systems
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organized systems of retrieving info about how species fit in the big picture
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six-kingdom system
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classification of all species into the kingdoms bacteria, archaea, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
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three-domain system
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reflects evolutionary relationships
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derived trait
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a novel feature that evolved in just one species and is shared only by its descendants
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cladograms
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taxa are grouped by their shared derived traits
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monophyleric group
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single tribe
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protists
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the most like the first eukaryotic cells
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flagellated protozoans
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hetrotrophs having one or more flagella and a pellicle
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pellicle
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of some protists a flexible body covering of protein-rich material
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euglenoids
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lives in freshwater pounds and lakes
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amoeboid protozoans
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protist that forms pseudopods some "naked" other "shelled"
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charophytes
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includes the closest living relatives of plants
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plankton
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aquatic communities of mostly microscopic organisms that drift or swim weakly in water
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ciliates
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live in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
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apicomplexans
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parasitic alveolates equipped with a unique microtubular device that can attach to and penetrate a host cell
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dinoflagellates
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single-celled alveolates that most often have cellulose plates just beneath the plasma membrane plus one flagellum at the posterior end and another in a groove that runs around the cell body
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oomycotes
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a nonphotosynthetic stamenopile protist, many are plant pathogens
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chrysophyte
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a category of photosynthetic protists
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brown algae
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live in temperate or cool seas from intertidal zones into the open ocean
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red algae
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live in warm marine currents and clear tropical seas
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chlorophytes
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a member of the most diverse group of green algae
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slime molds
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protists that are common heterotrophs living in temperate regions
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gametophyte
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a haploid body that produces haploid gametes
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sporophytes
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a vegetative body that grows by way of mitotic cell divisions from a plant zygote and produces spore-bearing structure
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spores
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resting structures typical walled that help a new generation wait out harsh environmental conditions
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pollen grains
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sperm-bearing gametophyte of a gymnosperm of angiosperm
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seed
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mature ovule, an embryo sporophyte and endosperm surrounded by seed coat
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bryophytes
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include 24,000 species of moses, liverworts, and hornworts
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Rhizoids
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elongated cells or threadlike structures that absorb water and dissolved minerals ions
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peat bogs
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acidic wetland where peat mosses grow peat is their compressed remains
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lycophytes
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seedless vascular plant having leaves with a single vein
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horsetails
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seedless vascular plant with tiny scale-like leaves, branching rhizomes, and silica-reinforced stems
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ferns
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a seedless vascular plant with fronds that often are divided into leaflets
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strobilus
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any cone like reproductive structure derived from modified leaves
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coal
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is rich in energy and one of our premier fossil fuels
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microspores
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walled, hapliod spores that gives rise to a oppen grain in a seed-bearing plant
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pollination
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the arrival of pollen on female reproductive parts of a seed plant
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megaspores
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seed plants from in ovules
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ovule
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tissue mass in which an egg forms in a plant ovary induced, immature seed
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conifers
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woody trees and shrubs
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cones
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reproductive structures with ovules wedged between clusters of papery or woody scales
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cycads
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a gymnosperm that forms pollen and seed-bearing structure on different plants, an ancient lineage that coexisted with dinosaurs
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ginkgos
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deciduous gymnosperm of an ancient lineage that produces fleshly plum sized fruits
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gnetophytes
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tropical trees, leathery leafed vines, and desert shrubs
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flower
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a sprcialized reproductive shoot
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coevolution
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two or more species jointly evolving because of their close ecological interactions
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pollenators
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agents that deliver pollen of one species to female parts of the same species convolved with seed plants
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magnoliids
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one of the three flowing plants groups
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eudicots
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true dicot, one of the flowering plants generally characterized by embryos with two cotyledons
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monocots
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monocotyledon; flowering plant with one embryonic seed left floral parts usually in threes and often parallel-veined leaves
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deforestation
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mass removal of all trees from large tracts for logging,agriculture, and grazing
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climate
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to average weather conditions, such as cloud cover, temp, humidity, and wind speed, over time
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temperature zones
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globe-spanning latitudinal bands of temperature
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ozone thinning
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seasonal thinning of the atmospheric ozone layer, most pronounced above polar regions
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thermal inversions
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an atmospheric condition in which winds cannot disperse pollutants that accumulate in the trapped air, often harmful levels
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acid rain
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falling of rain or snow rich in acidric sulfur and nitrogen ozides
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rain shadow
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semiarid or arid region of sparse rainfall on the leeward side of high mts.
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monsoons
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air circulation patterns
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biogeographic realms
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vast expanses where you could expect to find certain plants and animals such as palm trees and camels in the Ethiopian realm
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biomes
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finer subdivisions of the great realms
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hot spots
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portions of biomes and ecoregions that are richest in biodiversity and most vulnerable to species losses
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desertification
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conversion of grassland to desert like conditions by long-term shifts in climate or human activities
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permafost
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a frozen layer 500 meters think in some places
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spring overturn
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strong vertical movements deliver dissolve oxygen from surface waters to the depths
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fall overturn
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water mixes vertically and again dissolves oxygen moves down and nutrients move up
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Eutrophication
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natural or artificial processes that enrich a body of water with nutrients
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estuaries
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partly enclosed coast regions where seawater mixes with nutrient-rich fresh water from rivers, streams, and runoff
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marine snow
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organic matter that drifts to ocean depths and supports food webs there
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upwelling
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cold deep water moving up this way
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el nino
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warm current that typically arrives around christmas
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downwelling
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downward movement of water along a coast, from ocean surface to its depths
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ENSO
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changes in sea surface temp and in the air circulation patterns
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