Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Institutional reform in the RC Church. A revived Roman Catholicism?
|
1.What left the Roman Church vulnerable to the Reformation was institutional corruption in the Roman Church. One of the corruptions was pluralism and absenteeism of bishop.
a.Pluralism was that a bishop could oversee more than one dioceses and absenteeism is that he didn’t need to be at his dioceses. b.Pluralism was intended to increase a bishop’s income because many times they were sons of rich nobility who expected to have lots of money. c. Absenteeism was intensified by the use of bishops for other purposes than pastors (governors, politics, etc.) c. Education was an issue, celibacy , then bishops and priests became educated. d. it became about morality and the pope had set the standard of living. |
|
|
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
|
advanced the cause of Rom, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Rome is finding new institutional forms for control and do more careful, thoughtful, theological work. Argue against Baius about him being too Augustinian or Protestant believed in CCC approach. |
|
|
Michael Baius
|
(1315-1389)
He represents the effort to remain Augustinian in the RC. Taught at Louvain, believed that we were saved by grace alone, but did not affirm by faith alone. |
|
|
Jansen (Jensenius)
|
(1585-1638)
most prominent figure in the 2nd generation, leader of Jansenism. Led a different thinking for the Jesuits which later became Jansenists Born in utretch, read Synod of Dort and said it was orthodox. Had big debate with Voetius about the authority of Pope It was not only theological movement, but also for holy living Focused on reading the bible, wanted to decentralize the church (opposite of Jesuits) and two forms of RC came about. |
|
|
Debate between Jesuits and Jansenists
|
Probabalism: Jes-follow a doctor even if he's alone, Jan-says you need to go with majority
|
|
|
Robert Bellarmine
|
Born in Italy in 1542
Came from family of connections and wealth Saw advantages to society of Jesus due to its learnedness Was a Jesuit who countered Jansenists He also went against Protestantism by researching every bit of their education to prove them wrong. Wrote 3 vol work "On the Controversies" Was to study the DoGrace for the pope on efficacy of grace Came up with Congruanism Focused the RC on missions |
|
|
Congruanism
|
Kid in Candy store
If God knows us exhaustively, and we as individuals, it puts us in a place where he knows where when he gives us sufficient grace we will turn it into efficacious grace. the middle view of Freewill vs Augustinian views of grace |
|
|
Francis Xavier
|
Left Lisbon in 1541
missionary who went to India, Japan, and found out that China was the place to go |
|
|
Mateo Ricci
|
Was the most successful missionary in China because he spoke the language.
His plan was to intrigue them with their technology. Then they did CCC appracoh |
|
|
Rites Controversy
|
Had to do with the veneration of ancestors
was it either culturally tolerable or idolatrous? 17th century Fransiscans said it was idolatrous, Jesuits said it was culturally necessary Pope came in and said it was idolatrous RC was out of far east for over a century after this. The resolution of 1642 which did not permit prayers, food offered, or money, but allowed respect and burning incense. |
|
|
Rise of Socianism
|
it's anti-trinitarian
the view of anything RC taught became to many as wrong. |
|
|
Fausto Socinus
|
(1539-1604)
He established the center in Raccau Summary of Socinian views, Rakovian Catechism Believed that Christ came to teach about sin and about the free grace of God, not to pay for sin. It would undermine the freedom of grace, but salvation is free but not to Christ. Took awhile for Protestants to refute this. |
|
|
Amyraldianism
|
4 point Calvinism, rejected Limited Atonement, "hypothetical universalism"
|
|
|
James Arminius
|
minister of dutch reformed church,
created a movement that challenged Calvinism. 42 of his followers procured a document called the Remonstrance of 1610 |
|
|
King Henry IV
|
becomes a RC in the 1590s.
Issues the edict of Nantes, granting privileges to the Protestants, to worship and to have an army and to have protection, protestants were tolerated. allows the Protestant church to exist, but restricted it |
|
|
The Firm and Prudent
|
Firm=militant to maintain reformed distinctives (Pierre du Moulin)
Prudent=wanted to try to fit in, at (Samur and Amyrauldus) |
|
|
Moses Amyraldus
|
(1596-1664)
Influenced by Cameron, studied at Samur in 1618. Preached a 4-point Calvinism so it was easier to preach. Wrote "Brief Testament of Predestination" which brought controversy for he thought Christ died for all men. |
|
|
La Place
|
Another Saumur issue
Issue of Mediate imputation of Adam's sin. he thought it unfair that people were condemned because of Adam's sin. French Synod rejected this |
|
|
Pajon
|
the work of HS as persuasion and not irresistible grace.
More about teaching rather than regeneration. observed a tension between the work of the SPirit and the work of the Son believed in Spirit's work as external work, not internal change of the will |
|
|
Louis Cappel
|
Are hebrew vowel points inspired?
no they are not. Johness Buxtorf opposes Cappel |
|
|
Helvetic Consensus Formula
|
Orthodox response in 1675 of Cappel
Called the Last Calvinistic confession |
|
|
Puritanism
|
broad name for British theology
Anglicans were the first to be called this by the Romans Were after a primitive purity of the church. |
|
|
John Jewel
|
During the Elizabeth reign said church was returning to "primitive purity"
His desire was to go back to the early days of the church before all the corruptions of Rome Thought Elizabeth had not gone far enough |
|
|
Queen Elizabeth
|
wanted a theology of Protestantism but wanted to make the Protestant ceremonies look comfortable to the RC, was seen as compromising
Brought out conforming Puritans who did not change external forms of worship |
|
|
Anti-Vestarian Controversy (#1 against Queen)
|
issue of what the minister should or should not wear
believed these externals were confusing to the average worshipper Even though the word priest was too ambiguous |
|
|
Passive Resistance Party (#2 against Queen)
|
William Perkins part of this group
Wanted to purify the ceremonies, the vestments. wanted more bishops or abolish the present church structure to Protestant form of government |
|
|
Presbyterian Party (#3 against Queen)
|
Led by Thomas Cartwright
Saw Scripture as only legitimate form of government |
|
|
Separatists
|
thought the church of England was so unreformed that they could no longer remain a part of it.
Elizabeth viewed them as Congregationalists in their polity Persecuted by Elizabeth |
|
|
Prophesying
|
it was used, not to mean word of knowledge, but explication and application of the Word of God
1574 Elizabeth ordered it to stop |
|
|
Archbishop Grindle of Canterbury
|
1574 Archbishop Grindle of Canterbury said there was nothing wrong with prophesying and encouraged them. He was put under house arrest and died.
|
|
|
John Whitgift
|
Replaced Grindle of Canterbury
Militant Calvinist Wrote Lambeth articles, summary of Calvinism on predestination Fought against Cartwright who wanted to focus on Presbyterianism not predestination |
|
|
John Smyth
|
Studied at Christ college in 16th century
eventually makes Separatists congregation, concluded that English church was so bad. Rebaptizes himself and congregation, then met with Dutch menonites and re-baptizes again Wanted Elizabeth to be gone. |
|
|
King James VI
|
successor after Elizabeth dies in 1603
While raised a Protestant, hated Protestanism, was a calvinist but ecclesiastically he wasn't. "No Bishop, No King" if there was no hierarchy how can you maintain it in long run? Prepared the documents called "the Book of Sports" |
|
|
Puritan Lectureships
|
Continued with prophesies and James made it hard for them to ordained
Then used this method to spread Puritan ideals as unordained preachers. |
|
|
Puritans on Sabbath
|
Concept found in Middle Ages
1595 Nicolas Bownd wrote Doctrine of the Sabbath, Richard Greeham also worked on it. Church of England said Sunday was Queen's day. |
|
|
William Perkins
|
(1558-1602)
Father of Elizabethan Puritan theology "Art of Prophesying" "Art of Preaching" via belief and duty/explain and apply it Influenced by Peter Ramus |
|
|
Peter Ramus
|
wanted to overthrow every Aristolic teaching.
"Faith and Duty" his goal was simplification |
|
|
William Ames
|
(1576-1633)
Wrote "Marrow of Theology" critical against Anglicans. Congregationalist but did not formally separate from church of England. First faculty member to be appointed to Harvard but died before he got there. Non-conforming, non-separatists, but just changed their practice. |
|
|
John Owen
|
(1616-1683)
Studied Oxford was a presbyterian, became Congregationalist Started to try to calculate the date of the golden age, but later wrote that calculations led him astray. |
|
|
Congregationalist majority
|
o After the capture of the king and his execution, Parliament found themselves overrun by Congregationalists
o John Milton wrote a poem against the Presbyterianism o Congregationalists had a conviction that the flourishing of congregationalism in England is a vital step towards the millennial golden age |
|
|
Westminster Assembly
|
- June 1640 Parliament passes a bill to call an assembly to reform the church
o 121 divines assembles at Westminster abbey on July 1st 1643 o The assembly decided that revision was not enough and that a new confession was required o Directory of public worship is a compromise between form prayers and radicals who rejected all form prayers o The work was much more influential in Scotland o The phrase active obedience isn’t in the confession, but the doctrine is there o Confession was completed in 1646, then they set about to write a catechism, and realized they needed a shorter own for new Christians and a detailed one for mature Christians o By Feb 1649, most of the work of the assembly was finished, even though it was in session until 1652 to license candidates for the ministry |
|
|
Directory of Public worship
|
o Regulative Principle of worship
• We may do in worship only those things that God has commanded in scripture • Distinct from Anglican or Lutheran approach which is to not do anything forbidden in the word of God o On Instruments • Most in 17th century said no instruments • Calvin said that Roman church started using instruments, and that instruments were a part of the sacrificial system in the OT o On Psalmody • Great reformed tradition until 18th century was psalmody, until hymnody came in under revivalist pressures • Reasons to sing psalms: psalms are inspired songs to be offered to God • The usual objection to psalm singing is that the psalms are not sufficiently Christocentric for the new covenant – Really? • What is the function of song in the praise of God? |
|
|
Reformed Scholasticism
|
- Theology was done mainly in the schools
o Scholasticism is the communication from one theologian to another, they were not writing for the pews |
|
|
Brian Armstrong’s 6 point definition of scholastic theology
|
• Sought to build theology on an a priori synthetic basis
• Built using the methodology and philosophy of Aristotle • Stressed logic and reason in push for logical consistency • Tends to be drawn away to speculative metaphysical thought on the will of God • Often treated scripture in an unhistorical fashion, as a body of propositions • Shifted attention away from the centrality of faith |
|
|
Gisbertus Voetius
|
(1589-1676)
o For 40 years was recognizes as the premier theological professor in the Netherlands in the 17th century o Studied at Leiden, particularly attracted to philosophy and semitic languages o Call to professorship at Utrecht o His critique of Descartes was regarded as so powerful that Descrates himself wrote a response to Voetius o Was also concerned with the growing influence stemming from the teachings of Cocceius • Talked more about the history of redemption than systematic theology • More about covenant than decrees • People in the Dutch Reformed Church seemed to be either Voetian or Cocceian. • Cocceians always preached more briefly and had a reputation of being less strict o Voetius also combated idea that precisionism led to pharisaism • Said believers seek precision first and foremost in their behavior and only after that in others, that there is still compassion and forgiveness, still gives less emphasis to external actions than the heart, precision leads to humility, seeks God’s will, and is bound to God |
|
|
Francis Turretin
|
(1623-1687)
o Born and taught in Geneva o Famous for his Elenctic Institutes • Disputive theology, so Turretin is giving more attention to topics in controversy than ones that aren’t in controversy o Writes like medieval scholastics • Finds a topic, divides into a series of questions, divides answers into a series of articles o Covenant • Says covenant can be viewed in regards to promulgation with objective grace or internal reception with subjective grace. Sees it as never being universal only with the elect members of Christ. Distinction is made between the visible and invisible church. o Faith • Says faith is the bond of our union with Christ • Splits faith into 5 direct acts and 2 reflex acts • WCF tries to compromise between 2 different approaches to assurance • One side believes that assurance was inherent in saving faith • Other side believes assurance was added to saving faith • Most people thought that WCF taught that assurance was not essence of faith |
|
|
Puritan Eschatology
|
o There were only two things that Protestants agreed about on Eschatology
• The Pope was the literal fulfillment of the prophecies in the NT that the personal antichrist would appear • The way to read the book of revelation was as the prophecy of the history of the church o People speculated on just about everything else • Pre-mil, post-mil, and even a-mil views can be seen in the 16th century • Church of Scotland was mainly post-mil |
|
|
Puritan Preparation
|
o Some puritans gave a significant amount of attention to the question of preparation. What must one do to prepare to be a recipient of grace?
o Most reformed say that God prepares us o Can you yourself prepare for grace? • Pastorally you can say yes, theologically you must say no o John Norton • In 1654 published Orthodox Evangelist, saying there are certain preparatory works that can be done before you are regenerate • Lists 6 things that can be done in the heart to prepare for regeneration: revelation of Christ, repentance, sense of one’s lost estate, waiting in the disposition for LJC o Dangerous slope to go through law before you can get to gospel |
|
|
John Bunyan
|
(1628-1688) – Pilgrim’s Progress
o Different than most Puritan writing, not slow but fast o No fatalism in his writing, the tension of the journey was real o Theological and psychological sensitivity: when he comes to the river of death, he notes that some cross the river with great fear, others with great ease |
|
|
The beginning of Protestant Missions
|
o One of the criticisms against the reformation was that it wasn’t missions minded
o There was more emphasis on missions in the Dutch o The interests of mission and commerce were at odds • Dutch East India company was not interested in the conversion of indigenous people • Dutch were too inflexible in circumstances of worship o England also got involve in mission, driven by eschatology |
|
|
Formalism
|
o People just going through the motions because they were required to go to church and were fined if they didn’t go
o One solution was to stress the law • Jeremy Taylor wrote Christ the Great Exemplar in 1655 • He wrote a person is not a child of God that knowingly chooses something that God hates • We are pardoned from our sins if we try hard and change generally • Richard Baxter does the same thing • Faith is imputed for righteousness because it is an act of obedience to God. So you’re justified by obedience • The covenant reconciles you to God, not Christ |
|
|
Marrow Controversy
|
o 18th century phenomenon that gets its name from a work of theology published in 1645 called the Marrow of Modern Divinity
o Wasn’t a controversy at its first printing, but during its reprinting, it was considered antinomian o Weird thing was the general assembly at the same time permitted a guy who was Arian, but they didn’t permit this book |
|
|
Aucterarder Creed
|
o Statement of faith drawn up in the Aucterarder Presbytery that was required by all to be ordained to the ministry
o Basically they had to agree with: It is unsound to teach that men must forsake sin in order to come to Christ o You cannot require that people be sanctified before they come to Christ The aim of the creed was to only allow marrow men into the presbytery |
|
|
Pietism
|
o A reaction to formalism
o Pietism as a historical category should be limited to the Lutherans o Where did pietism come from? Four suggestions • The pietists themselves, coming from Luther • From the medieval RC mysticism • A new form of anabaptism • Johann Arndt was grandfather of pietism, Spener was the father o Critiqued Lutheranism as becoming too formal, too objective, too little concerned about the outworking of the life of the believers o The orthodox feared that the pietists became doctrinally indifferent, perfectionist in their sanctification |
|
|
The North American Church
|
- Beginnings
o Native American population in 1600 is around 1 million o English come in 1607 to Viriginia and 1620 in Massachusetts o The Pilgrim fathers were strict separatists and declared the English church as heretics o More came by charter of the king to Massachusetts Bay in 1629, technically in the church of England, but they were non-conformists, they followed congregational way; so they established a Bible commonwealth o In 1643, another colony organized in New Haven o New Englanders felt that if they could establish a godly colony, it would begin that realization for the eschatological hope o They no longer had a common enemy, so they couldn’t stay united - On Church membership o Richard Mather said it was better for 10 true Christians to be excluded from church membership than 1 untrue Christian be admitted; John Cotton said the other o What is the nature of the sieve? • Knowledge of sound doctrine and character? Held by Thomas Shepard • Conversion narrative – John Cotton - The second generation also seemed to not be “owning the covenant as they should” o Some proposed a Halfway Covenant, allowing baptized members who had not repudiated baptism to present their children o They also tried universities for the training of ministers - Charles Ii revoked the royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony o The right to vote and church membership were no longer guaranteed to them, and the king would appoint a governor. o They tried to send Increase Mather to try to change the charter, but he failed o This caused Salem Witchcraft trials because the NE society was traumatized o Solomon Stoddard tried to relieve the tensions • Rethinking ot he Lord’s supper • Stoddard thought that the Lord’s table was a converting instrument, that people could be converted while coming to the table o Many ministers, including Cotton Mather, tried to see evidences of the spirit in the world |
|
|
John Wesley
|
(1703)
o Felt that religion in England had become a cold and formal affair o Became a minister and went to Georgia as a missionary, Georgia was a prisoner colony • On the way he was afraid the boat would sink, but Moravians were singing hymns and full of faith • Ask Moravian leader why they were calm and was asked do you know Jesus Christ and he saved you? • He returned to England, attended a Moravian prayer meeting and felt that he was converted |
|
|
George Whitfield
|
(1714)
o Member of the church of England, but was willing to cooperate with others o Greatest preaching in the history of the church o Could preach outdoors to 50,000 people, dramatic preacher o He began to be regarded as a fanatic and an enthusiast o Whitfield made 7 trips to America, was seen as the unifier of the colonies |
|
|
Differences/Similarities between two W’s
|
o Wesley was the better organizer – wanted to establish Methodist societies
• Society, class, and band • Church service, accountability group, small group o Both considered themselves Methodists o Wesley became concerned with the importance of holiness • It was possible to separate oneself from all known sin |
|
|
Jonathan Edwards
|
(1703)
o Sided more with his Father, Timothy Edwards o Served in North Hampton until 1750 when he is thrown out over the issue of church membership o 1757 called to become president of Princeton o Revival • Revival is the way in which God has done most of his work in history • Revivals occur in history in an increasingly cyclical fashion • There were critics – Charles Chauncy • Said revival placed religion too much in the emotions and excess • James Davenport epitomized the excesses of the awakening • Said if the great awakening continued, it might be the dawning of the glorious age o People orthodox and heterodox all claim Edwards o When the Revival seemed to die down, Edwards had problems with church membership again o Edwards believed in the old order • Colonies belong to England, church ministers were well respected • Awakening destroyed this old order; claim that most ministers were unconverted; if you think your minister is unconverted, you should go to another church; this was radical • Characteristic of the American Church was the dislocation of the church |
|
|
JE's Treatise on Religious Affections
|
• A vigorous exercise of the inclination, where inclination is the well
• Edwards is saying that true religion is primarily in the life lived out in Christ • Preaching is intended to produce love and joy • But not the same as Aquinas saying love is the form of faith |
|
|
JE's Treatise on Justification
|
• Challenges both arminian and antinomia understanding of justification in a helpful way
• But screws up in the nature of justifying faith, says that the first act of faith justifies • Could be saying that faith leads to obedience, which is orthodox • But could also be saying that obedience is in the first act, which is crazy |
|
|
2nd Awakening
|
- Population increases and spreads to unchurched areas
- Presbyterians and Congregationalists didn’t want to go to the frontier, so they got Baptists and Methodists o They used circuit riders - Demographics of church life changed dramatically o More people were Methodists and Baptists - America was more about religious freedom than orthodoxy o Led to separation of church and state - The notion of denominations arose o All were manifestations of the true church - Volunteerism o People would volunteer for a wide variety of activities, and those would be the ways in which denominational lines manifested o Usually related to social reform or educational advancement o One of the early causes that had a lot of support was temperance • Temperance then became abstinence |
|
|
The Presbyterian church
|
o First presbytery in 1706
o The issue with Presbyterians was the role of subscription to the confession and the rights of presbytery relative to ordination • Could you demur from an element of the confession and still be admitted to the presbytery as a minister o Adopting Act of 1729 • Adopted the confession and church order • Said that ministers were to subscribe to the confession, but presbyteries had a right to distinguish between essential and nonessential parts of the confession o Split into New Side and Old Side in 1741 • Split of revival issues, but also on how presbyteries could grant exceptions o Rejoined in 1758 • Basically on new side criteria o First general Assembly in 1788 • 4 synods and 16 presbyteries |
|
|
The Presbyterian church
|
o First presbytery in 1706
o The issue with Presbyterians was the role of subscription to the confession and the rights of presbytery relative to ordination • Could you demur from an element of the confession and still be admitted to the presbytery as a minister o Adopting Act of 1729 • Adopted the confession and church order • Said that ministers were to subscribe to the confession, but presbyteries had a right to distinguish between essential and nonessential parts of the confession o Split into New Side and Old Side in 1741 • Split of revival issues, but also on how presbyteries could grant exceptions o Rejoined in 1758 • Basically on new side criteria o First general Assembly in 1788 • 4 synods and 16 presbyteries |
|
|
New Divinity Men / Edwardsians
|
o Unitarianism and universalism and deism come from Enlightenment, also a confidence in human beings to create social good
o New Divinity men were convinced they could extend the insights of Edwards to generate a revival to save the ideal of a regenerate church o They thought they were orthodox Calvinists who were streamlining Calvinism to make it more effective and serviceable for communication and revival |
|
|
New Divinity Men / Edwardsians
|
o Unitarianism and universalism and deism come from Enlightenment, also a confidence in human beings to create social good
o New Divinity men were convinced they could extend the insights of Edwards to generate a revival to save the ideal of a regenerate church o They thought they were orthodox Calvinists who were streamlining Calvinism to make it more effective and serviceable for communication and revival |
|
|
Joseph Bellamy
|
NDM
(1719-1790) • Taught that God was the moral governor of men |
|
|
Joseph Bellamy
|
NDM
(1719-1790) • Taught that God was the moral governor of men |
|
|
Samuel Hopkins
|
(1721-1803)
• Anti-drunkenness, anti-slavery • Produced a 2 volume system of doctrine in 1793, pretty much eliminates the doctrine of original sin |
|
|
Samuel Hopkins
|
(1721-1803)
• Anti-drunkenness, anti-slavery • Produced a 2 volume system of doctrine in 1793, pretty much eliminates the doctrine of original sin |
|
|
Jonathan Edwards Jr.
|
NDM
(1745-1801) • Undermining of original sin and also the penal character to the atonement |
|
|
Jonathan Edwards Jr.
|
NDM
(1745-1801) • Undermining of original sin and also the penal character to the atonement |
|
|
Timothy Dwight
|
• Became president of Yale, initiates New Haven theology
• Stresses human responsibility even to the freedom of the will |
|
|
Nathaniel William Taylor
|
(d. 1858)
• Pastored the first church of New Haven, then was professor at yale • Argued that men become depraved only from their own acts, sin is original only in the sense that it is universal, is in no sense necessary and that man is a free moral, rational creature – Pelagian |
|
|
Lyman Beecher
|
(1775-1863)
• 3 main concerns • Evangelism • Opposition of Unitarianism • Social reform, including opposition to drunkenness • President of Lane Seminary • Put on trial for heresy in 1835, but was acquitted |
|
|
Revivals become emotional in the west
|
o Camp meetings start
• People gather for a week or two for intense religious preaching and reviving o You begin to see pentecostal movements o Also see a new spirituality that is individualistic |
|
|
Charles Finney
|
(1792-1875)
o Grew up to be a lawyer, received no formal theological education o Saw significant revivals taking place in response to his preaching o Preached classic hellfire and brimstone o Finny would pray for the unconverted by name o Team approach to ministry o Allowed women to give testimonies in “promiscuous assemblies” o Kept seats up front that were empty so people could come up to the bench and he could pray for them, for those who were almost saved o 1835, published his lectures on revivals, a manual on how to hold a revival o Became associated early on with Oberland college • Bastion of revivalism and abolitionism • Replaced Asa Mahan as president in 1851 o Essence of Finneyism is to find a way to excite people |
|
|
John Williams Nevin
|
o Says revival is nothing other than Methodism
o Excessive individualism and a diminished stress upon the value of the church o Pusey – Tractarian movement |
|
|
Four types of cults
|
o Restorationist
• Want to restore the true church o Healing o Spirituality o Shakers • Ecstatic experience • Shaking Quakers • Ann Lee Stanley (1736-1784) • Was convinced that the second coming of Christ was Christ coming as a woman because Adam and Eve sinned, so Christ must be incarnated as a man and a woman • All members were pledged to celibate life • Ecstatic worship, asceticism and revivalism |
|
|
Prophecy
|
o Prophetic interest was very high in 17th century England and then waned in the 18th century, but the revival revived interest in prophecy
o People say Napoleon’s victories as Revelation |
|
|
Dispensationalism
|
o Dramatic shift from optimistic view to pessimistic
o Thomas Darby • Irishman who joined the Bretheren movement, they taught the apostasy of the church and that Christians needed to be ready for the coming disaster • Premillenialist • Contrast between Israel and the Church • Said that God related to the world in 7 different ways in 7 different dispensations |
|
|
Aufscheiting (sucession of 1834)
|
• First split in the history of the Dutch church
|
|
|
Gillaune Gram van Primsterner
|
Part of the Dutch reformed Church
• Founded anti-revolutionary party • Believed that the terror of the French revolution was not incidental, but that it was an essential characteristic • He recognized that society needed to change, but it shouldn’t be done on a leftist revolutionary principle |
|
|
Abraham Kuyper
|
• Tried to figure out how one could be a Calvinist with a concern not only for the church but for all of society
• You could go for Christendom, withdraw with Pietism, or do what Kuyper did • Came out of Leiden not knowing what he believed • People in his church pointed him to “old Dutch writers” who were really John Owen, William Perkins, etc… • Was convinced that the state church was theologically compromised and was in need of reform • In 1874, he resigned from the ministry; runs for parliament • On Education • Thought it was the responsibility of Christian parents to establish Christian schools in which their children could get an education that wasn’t secularized; schools should be an instrument of the church, not the state • His movement left the state church in the 1880’s • Two pillars • Antithesis o Things are either for or against God • Common grace o This lets non Christians be useful • Sphere Sovereignty • God alone is sovereign and various institutions that God has created remain responsible directly to God alone, but these institutions are separate • Schools should be in the sphere of family, not state • Says the church needs to remain the church and not exceed its responsibilities, two kingdoms doctrine |
|
|
Herman Bavinck
|
o Born in 1854, became professor of theology at Kampen in 1882
o Concerned with modern developments in psychology and pedagogy |
|
|
Berkouwer
|
o Born in 1903
o Was a Barth lover o Most famous for his studies in dogmatics • Written with the assumption that you know Bavinck |
|
|
What went wrong with the Dutch churches?
|
o Regeneration and covenant
o Loss of a will to discipline o Theological and religious leadership in the churches |
|
|
Liberalism
|
- Technically any modification of orthodoxy
o Usually emphasizing ethical aspects of Christianity o Modernism is a subset of liberalism • Self conscious adaptation of religious ideas to modern culture • Cultural immanentism • Progressive, upward, and onward - Darwinism big challenge because it challenges teleology and providence - Higher criticism makes people see the Bible as more human than divine |
|
|
J. Gresham Machen
|
(1881 – 1937)
o Opposes the plan of union in 1920 o Christianity and Liberalism is both fundamentalist and not fundamentalist o 5 elements categorizing Liberalism • Naturalism, moralism, social gospel, religious experience, intellectual dishonesty |
|
|
Pentecostalism
|
- Emerges from circles of great fascination of eschatological expectation
o Early Pentecostals became convinced that before the end of the world God would restore the gifts found in the books of Acts o In 1901, Topeka Kansas was said to be the evidence of the restoration of tongues o Pentecostalism is just a permutation of American revivalism - Several waves o First wave led to the formation of separate Pentecostal churches o Second wave was charismatic renewal in traditional denomination o 3rd wave had new focus on prophesy, health and wealth, little Gods doctrine |
|
|
Aimee Semple McPherson
|
o Her mother loved the salvation army
o Aimee preached her sermon every year o God tells her to preach, she doesn’t want to, so God makes her sick, only when she agreed to preach was she healed o God gave her a plan to build the foursquare gospel church • Foursquare gospel – Jesus as savior, baptizer, healer, and coming king o Tried to be an “evangelist” so people who accept her preaching o Tried to be a faith healer • If people weren’t healed, it wasn’t the fault of the healer but the person didn’t have enough faith, “letting sister down” o Controversial disappearance in 1926, died in 1944 |
|
|
Why was Pentecostalism so successful?
|
o Claimed to be biblical
o Simple message, you didn’t have to be a theologian o Always something new, but preaching was repetitive o Appeals to an active community of worship |
|
|
Dangers of Pentecostalism
|
o Cultural accommodation
o Produces a community of emotionalism |
|
|
Evangelicalism
|
- Evangelicals like to define themselves in terms of a small number of uniting doctrinal commitments, so evangelicialism is a kind of umbrella organization
o You are free to hold to you distinctives under that umbrella, recognizing that you are united in the basics o The premise is that the basics are what is important, makes it seem like your distinctives aren’t o The truth is that it’s its own distinct religious organization |
|
|
Genuine Reformed Theology is at odds with America in six points
|
o American culture is optimistic, reformed theology is realistic
o AC is individualistic, RT are communical o AC is democratic, RT is authoritative o AC is pragmatic, RT follows a measure of truth o AC is anti-intellectual o AC is emotional |
|
|
3 uses of the word evangelical
|
o Before 1945, it meant protestant
o In the 40’s it meant not being a fundamentalist, but still conservative o In 1976, it came to mean being born again |
|
|
Evangelicalism is inherently Wesleyan
|
o Emphasis on perfection
o Separated justification and sanctification as two separate gifts of God o Misconception of sin • Wesleyans separate the penalty of sin from the power of sin |
|
|
The key idea of evangelicalism is...
|
o Conversion today means to be born again, but it used to mean sanctification, because it was a life-long process
|
|
|
The dispensationalists add further momentum to perfectionism
|
o The world is on the brink of destruction and perfectionists need to avoid worldliness
|
|
|
C.I. Scofield
|
(1843-1921)
o Taught dispensational system in a bible study course, sold it to the moody bible institute |
|
|
National Association of Evangelicals
|
• J. Owen Wright, Harold John Ockenga
• 7 point statement of faith • Bible is inspired and infallible • Trinity • Deity of Christ, virgin birth, vicarious death, etc.. • Affirmation of the fall • Present ministry of the HS • Resurrection of both the saved and the lost • Spiritual unity of believers |
|
|
American Council of Churches
|
• Founded by Carl McIntyre
• Wanted to unite fundamentalists against liberalism, but didn’t let liberalism in, unlike the NAE • Makes apparent difference between evangelicalism and fundamentalists, non-separatists and separatists |
|
|
Billy Graham
|
• Becomes the embodiment of evangelicalism
• In 1946 became chief leader of YFC • Became very famous in 1949 when he got positive press in LA |
|
|
Political Involvement of Neo-evangelicals
|
• Neo-evangelicals though fundamentalists were politically passive
• For the most part, everyone could be uninvolved in politics until the 60’s with Feminism, sexual revolution, secularization of schools • Rick Warren wants the church to be the agency that offers government services to the west |
