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106 Cards in this Set
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- Back
plasma
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liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)
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serum
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liquid portion of teh blood left after clotting
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erythrocyte
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red blood cell, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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hemoglobin
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protein-iron compound contained in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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leukocyte
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white blood cell which protects the body from invading harmful substances
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granulocytes
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a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
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neutrophil
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a granular leukocyte, named from the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte
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another term for neutrophil named from the many segments present in its nucleus
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band
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an immature neutrophil
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eosinophil
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a granular leukocyte named for the rose colored stain of its granules that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
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basophil
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a granular leukocyte named for the dark stain of its granules that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
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agranulocytes
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a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
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lymphocytes
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an agranulocytic leukocyte active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus dependent), B cells (bone marrow-deprived) and NK (natural killer) cells
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monocyte
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an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
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platelets
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thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting
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thymus
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primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
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slpeen
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organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses
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lymph
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fluid circulated thru the lymph vessels
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lymph capillaries
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microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels
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lymph vessels
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vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capilaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
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lacteals
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specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
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chyle
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white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
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lymph nodes
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several small oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary and inguinal regions
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lymph ducts
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collecting shannels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
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right lymphatic duct
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receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
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thoracic duct
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receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm and lower extremities
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immunity
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process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
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antigen
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a substance that when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it
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antibody
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a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
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active immunity
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an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally in response to an infection or artificailly after administration of a vaccine
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passive immunity
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an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally thru the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies
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anisocytosis
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presence of red blood cells of unequal size
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pancytopenia
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an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
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erythropenia
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an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
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hemolysis
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breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
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immunocompromised
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impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents
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immunosuppression
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impaired ability to provide an immune response
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lymphadenopathy
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enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
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lymphocytopenia
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an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
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macrocytosis
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presence of large red blood cells
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microcytosis
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presence of small red blood cells
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neutropenia
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decrease in the number of neutrophils
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poikilocytosis
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presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells
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reticulocytosis
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increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
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splenomegaly
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enlargemnt of the spleen
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologicdiseases to develop; transmitted sexually or thru contaminated blood
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anemia
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a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or pack red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues
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iron deficiency anemia
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a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
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pernicious anemia
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a macrocytic normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12 causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape and reduced in number
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aplastic anemia
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a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
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Rh factor
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the presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a rxn between Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood
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Rh positive
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presence of antigens
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Rh negative
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absence of antigens
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hemochromatosis
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hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
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hemophilia
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group of hereditary bleeding disorders with a defect in clotting factors necessary for coagulation of blood
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leukemia
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chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
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myelodysplasia
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disorder within bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
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lymphoma
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any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin's disease
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metastasis
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process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; ____ is the plural form of the term, indicating the spread to two or more distant sites
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mononucleosis
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viral condition characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
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polycythemia
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increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
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septicemia
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systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
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thrombocytopenia
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bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process
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phlebotomy
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incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
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venipuncture
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incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
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blood chemistry
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test of the fluid portion of blood to measure amounts of chemical constituents (glucose and cholesterol)
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blood chemistry panels
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specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions, ie metabolic panel, lipid panel, arthritis panel
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basic metabolic panel
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battery of tests used as a general screen for disease: calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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comprehensive metabolic panel
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tests in addition to basic panel for expanded screening purpose: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST
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blood culture
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test to diagnose an infection in the bloodstream, by culturing a specimen of blood to encourage the growth of microorganisms, which are then identified
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ertyhrocyte sedimentation rate
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timed test that measures the reate at which red blood cells settle thru a volume of plasma
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partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
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thromboplastin
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substance present in tissues, platelents, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
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prothrombin time
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test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
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prothrombin
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protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
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complete blood count (CBC)
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a common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnosis incl the following four component tests
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white blood count (WBC)
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a count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter, obtained by manual or automated lab methods
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red blood count (RBC)
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a count of the number of red blood cells per cubic mellimeter, obtained manually or via automated lab methods
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hematocrit
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a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
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blood indices
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calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the avg size, hemoglobin, concertration, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia
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mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)
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calc of the volume of indiv cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV = HCT/RBC
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)
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calc of content in weight of hemoglobin in the avg red blood cell using HGB and RBC results; MCH = HGB/RBC
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
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calc of the avg hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results: MCHC = HGB/HCT
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differential count
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determination of the number of each typeof white blood cell (leukocyte) in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
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red cell morphology
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as part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition, the size, and the shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted
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platelet count (PLT)
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calc of the number of thrombocytes in blood: normal is 150,000 to 450,000 per cubic millimeter
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bone marrow aspiration
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needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic exam
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lymphangiogram
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xray of a lymphnode or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium
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bone marrow transplant
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transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a dieseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
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lymphadenectomy
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removal of a lymph node
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lymphadenotomy
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incision into a lymph node
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lymph node dissection
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removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic exam
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splenectomy
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removal of the spleen
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thymectomy
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removal of the thymus gland
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blood transfusion
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introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
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autologous blood
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blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use
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homologous blood
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blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
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blood component therapy
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transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma
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crossmatching
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a method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
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chemotherapy
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treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases wtih chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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plasmapheresis
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removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (such as platelets) followed by reinfusion
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anticoagulant
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a drug that prevents blood clotting
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hemostatic
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a drug that stopes the flow of blood within the vessels
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels thereby increasing blood flow
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