Ch 6 Flash Cards

Front 1

Aliases of DNA

Back 1

nucleic acid

genome

chromatin

chromosome

chromatid

gene

allele

nucleotide

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Nucleic acid

Back 2

Essential for all known forms of life

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Genome

Back 3

Organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.

Front 4

Chromatin

Back 4

Complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Chromosome

Back 5

Made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Front 6

chromatid

Back 6

One copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the other copy by a single centrosome.

Front 7

Gene

Back 7

Region of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.

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Allele

Back 8

One of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus.

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Nucleotide

Back 9

One of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA.

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Cell Cycle

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Series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.

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Interphase

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Resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.

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G1 phase

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Gap phase: During this phase, the cell makes a variety of proteins that are needed for DNA replication.

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S phase

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Synthesis phase: is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase.

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G2 phase

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Pre-mitotic phase: the third and final subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding Mitosis.

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P M A T

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Steps of mitosis

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DNA replication

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Process by which a double-stranded DNAmolecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.

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Enzymes

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A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

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Helicase

Back 18

Enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes.

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DNA polymerase

Back 19

Enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

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Ligase

Back 20

Enzyme that brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.

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complementary base pairing

Back 21

The manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other.

Front 22

Mitosis

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A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

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Prophase

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The first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears.

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Metaphase

Back 24

The second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.

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Anaphase

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chromosomes pulling apart

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Telophase

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To the end of cell

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cytokinesis

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The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

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Meiosis (2 separations, I, & II)

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The second of the two consecutive divisions of the nucleus of eukaryotic cell during meiosis,

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1 prophase I

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During this phase of meiosis, the nuclear envelope breaks up and disappears.

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crossing over

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Occurs (part of one chromatid is exchanged for another) to increase genetic variation

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4 haploid

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genetically diverse sperm cells

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Diverse cells end of meiosis II

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There are four daughter cells each with one half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell.

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4 haploid sperm cells

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an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes,

ordinarily half the normal diploid number.

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cells are unique

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diverse, not clones

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Metastasizing

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cancer spread to other sites in the body by metastasis.

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Metastasis

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The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

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Apoptosis

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The death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.

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Benign

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(of a disease) not harmful in effect: in particular, (of a tumor) not malignant.

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Malignant

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(of a disease) very virulent or infectious.

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Oncogene

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A gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.

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Tumor Suppressor gene

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A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.

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Mutations

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The changing of the structure of a gen

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Insertion

Back 43

The DNA polymerase slipping.

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Deletion

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Part of the DNA is removed.

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Duplication

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The chromosome is now longer.

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Translocation

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when one gene gets translocated to another non-homologous chromosome (one not of that pair).

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Inversion

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Reverse the direction of a portion of the chromo

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Nondisjunction

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A gamete with no copy of the chromosome and a gamete with an extra copy.

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Aneuploidy

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The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, such as having 45 or 47 chromosomes when 46 is expected.

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Trisomy 21

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There are three copies of a chromosome.