Ch 6 Develop

Front 1

emotions

Back 1

subjective reactions to the enviornment that are usually experienced cognively as either pleasant or unpleasant, general accompanied by a physiological and visible response

Front 2

genetic maturational perspective

Back 2

in this perspective, emotions are best seen as products of biological factors. Individual differences depend on the intensity children react to situations.

Front 3

learning perspective

Back 3

particularly usefull in explaining the individual differences in emotional expression. The frequency of emotions depends on the nature of enviormnet that they are raised. Learning in the child can elict and reinforce both positive and negative behaviors

Front 4

Cognitive perspective

Back 4

focuses on the infant's growing ability to acquire knowledge about the world. Infants aquire schemas of objects in enviorment and becane to distinguish these schemas

Front 5

functionalist perspective

Back 5

a contemporary approa`ch to emotional development. Emotiions serve to help us achieve our goals and adapt to our enviornment.

Front 6

primary Vs secondary emotions

Back 6

Primary: fear, joy, disgust, surprise, sadness, interest

Secondary: pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment, jealosy

Front 7

What did Carroll Izard say the first expressions to appear were?

Back 7

startle, disgust (in response to bitter tastes), distress (in response to pain), and a reflex smile which seems unrelated to external events

Front 8

When does a true social smile occur and what is it? What about the other facial expressions

Back 8

A true social smile is a reaction to specific external stimuli, such as faces or voices, appears between 4 and 6 weeks. Izzard proposes that babies do not begin to reliably display facial expressions of of anger interest, suprise and sadness till 2.5 to 3 months

Front 9

Are girls more emotional than boys?

Back 9

In infancy, boys are more emotional than girls. However according to Brody, there is a developmental shift where boys are encouraged to hide emotions and woman express. PArents talking

Front 10

reflex smile

Back 10

a smile seen in the newborn that is usually spontaneous and apears to depend on internal stimulus rather than something external such as another person's behavior

Front 11

stranger distress

Back 11

a fear of strangers that typically emerges in infants around the age of 9 months. Whether the baby is fearful depends on many variables, including who the stranger is , child's age, how they were encountered, etc

Front 12

social referencing

Back 12

the process of readin emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in an uncertain situation.

Front 13

separation protest

Back 13

an infant's distress reaction to being seperated from his or her mother, which typically peaks at about 15 months of age

Front 14

emotional display rules

Back 14

rules that dictate which emotions one may appropriatley display in particular situations

Front 15

According to Suzanne Denham, what are three ways familes influence children's emotions

Back 15

Modeling, Reactions, and coaching

Front 16

emotional script

Back 16

a complex scheme that enables a child to identify the emotional reaction likely to accompany a particular sort of event

Front 17

attachment

Back 17

a strong emotional bond that forms between infant and caregiver in the second half of the child's first year

Front 18

psychoanalytic theory of attachment

Back 18

Freud's theory that babies become attached first to the mother's breast and then to the mother herself as source of oral gratification

Front 19

learning theory of attachment

Back 19

the theory that infants become attached to their mothers because a mother provides food, or primary reinforcement, and thus becomes a secondary reinforcer

Front 20

secondary reinforcer

Back 20

a person or other stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by virtue of repeated association with a primary reinforcer

Front 21

cognitive developmental view of attachment

Back 21

the view that to form attachments infants must differentiate between mother and stranger and understand that people exist independent of the infant's interaction with them. object permanence

Front 22

ethologial theory of attachment

Back 22

Bowlby's theory that attachment derives from the biological preparation of both infant and parents to respond to each other's behaviors in such a way that parents provide the infant with care and protection

Front 23

imprinting

Back 23

The process by which birds and other infrahuman animals develop a preference for the person or object which they are first breifly exposed during a brief, critical period after birth.

Front 24

What are the phases of attachment according to Schaffer?

Back 24

1. Preattachment (0-2)- indiscriminate social responsiveness
2. Attachment-in-the-making (2-7) recognition of familar people
3. Clear-cut attachment (7-24) separation protest; wariness of strangers; intentional communication
4. Goal-corrected partnership (24-on) Relationships more two-sided: children understand parent's needs

Front 25

secure base

Back 25

according to Ainsworth, a caregiver to whom an infant has formed an attchment and whom the child uses as a base from which to explore and as a safe haven in times of stress

Front 26

strange situation

Back 26

a testing scenario in which a mother and child are separated and reunited several times; enables investigators to assess the nature and quality of a mother-infant attchment relationship

Front 27

secure attachment

Back 27

a kind of attachment displayed by babies who are secure enough to explore novel enviornments, who are minimally disturbed by brief separations from thier mothers, and who are quickly comforted by their mothers when they return

Front 28

insecure-avoidant attachment

Back 28

a type of attachment shown by babies who seem not to be bothered by their mother's brief absences but specifically avoid them on their return, sometimes becoming visually upset

Front 29

insecure-resistant attachment

Back 29

babies who tend to become very upset at the departure of their mothers and who exhibit inconsistent behavior on their return, sometimes seeking contact, sometimes pushing their mothers away

Front 30

insecure disorganized attachment

Back 30

a type of attchment shown by babies who seem disorganized and disoriented when reunited with their mothers after a brief separation

Front 31

Attachment Q sort (AQS)

Back 31

an assessment method in which a caregiver or observer judges the quality of a child's attachment based on the child's behavior in a naturalistic setting, often including brief separations from parents

Front 32

California attachment Procedure (CAP)

Back 32

focuses on how mother's manage children's fear to loud noises or scary material instead of separation

Front 33

sensitive care

Back 33

consistent are responsive caregiving that begins by allowing an infant to play a role in determining when feeding will begin and end and at what pace it will proceed

Front 34

approach/avoidance behavior

Back 34

a pattern of interaction in which the infant or child shows an inconsistent pattern of approaching and retreating from a person or an object

Front 35

interactive synchrony

Back 35

A term that characterizes mother-infant interactions in which the mother constantly adjusts her behavior to that of her baby, responding to and respecting his signals as to when he is ready for and wants engagement and interaction.

Front 36

internal working model

Back 36

According to Bowlby, a person's mental representation of himself as a child, his parents, and the nature of his interaction with his parents, as he reconstructs and interprets that interaction.

Front 37

sense of self

Back 37

the awareness of the self as different from other people. crucial in child development. On average 20 months

Front 38

center care

Back 38

a child care context in which children are cared for in a school like enviornment by professional caregivers

Front 39

family child care

Back 39

a child care arrangement in which an indivdual care for three or four children in home