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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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deviance |
the violation of norms(or rules or expectations) |
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crime |
violation of norms or written laws |
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stigma |
"blemishes" that discredit a persons claim to a "normal" identity
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social order |
groups usual and customary social arrangements on which its members depend and on which they base their lives |
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social control |
groups formal and informal mans of enforcing its norms |
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negative sanction |
an expressionof disapproval for breaking a norm,ranging from a mild, informal reactionsuch as a frown to a formalreaction such as a fine or a prison |
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positive sanction |
an expressionof approval for following a norm,ranging from a smile or a goodgrade in a class to a materialreward such as a prize |
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genetic predisposition |
inborn tendencies (murder, alcoholism) |
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street crime |
crimes such as mugging, rape, burglary |
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personality disorders |
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms
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differential association |
EdwinSutherland’s term to indicate thatpeople who associate with somegroups learn an “excess of definitions”of deviance, increasing thelikelihood that they will becomedeviant |
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control theory |
the idea that twocontrol systems—inner controls andouter controls—work against ourtendencies to deviate |
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labeling theory |
the view thatthe labels people are given affecttheir own and others’ perceptionsof them, thus channeling theirbehavior into either deviance orconformity |
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techniques of neutralization |
ways of thinking or rationalizingthat help people deflect (or neutralize)society’s norms |
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cultural goals |
the objectives heldout as legitimate or desirable forthe members of a society to achieve |
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institutionalized means |
approvedways of reaching cultural goals |
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strain theory |
Robert Merton’sterm for the strain engenderedwhen a society socializes largenumbers of people to desire acultural goal (such as success), butwithholds from some the approvedmeans of reaching that goal; oneadaptation to the strain is crime,the choice of an innovative means(one outside the approved system)to attain the cultural goal |
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illegitimate opportunity structure |
opportunities for crimes thatare woven into the texture of life |
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white-collar crime |
Edwin Sutherland’sterm for crimes committedby people of respectable and highsocial status in the course of theiroccupations; for example, briberyof public officials, securities violations,embezzlement, false advertising,and price fixing |
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corporate crime |
crimes committedby executives in order to benefittheir corporation |
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criminal justice system |
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal withpeople who are accused of having committed a crime |
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recidivism rate |
the percentageof released convicts who arerearrested |
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capital punishment |
deathpenalty |
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police discretion |
the practice ofthe police, in the normal course oftheir duties, to either arrest or ticketsomeone for an offense or to overlookthe matter |
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medicalization of deviance |
tomake deviance a medical matter,a symptom of some underlyingillnessthat needs to be treated byphysicians |
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medicalization |
the transformationof a human condition into a matterto be treated by physicians |
