Ch. 6

Front 1

CHAPTER 6

Front 2

Accordingto Sheldon, how do body types relate to personality?

Back 2

See multiple answers on following cards.

Front 3

MESOMORPH

Back 3

Tendency towardsmuscularity, hard and muscular body, overly mature appearance, rectangularshaped, thick skin, and gains or loses weight easily. These individuals havethe SOMATOTONIA aspect of temperament (assertive, competitive aggressiveness,need for physical exertion, indifference to pain, and energetic).

Front 4

ECTOMORPH

Back 4

Tendency towardsthinness, flat chest, delicate build, tall, lightly muscled, and has troublegaining weight. These individuals have the CEREBROTONIA aspect of temperament(restrained, social avoidance, love of privacy, sensitive to pain, andapprehensiveness).

Front 5

ENDOMORPH

Back 5

Tendency towardsplumpness, soft body, round shape, over-developed digestive system, and troublelosing weight. These individuals have the VISCEROTONIA aspect of temperament(relaxed, sociability, tolerant, good will, and easy going).

Front 6

Whatis the basic approach of the genetic perspective?

Back 6

Human behaviour is the productof a complex biological organism. Underlying genetics and biology influenceprocesses in personality.

Front 7

Howcan one determine if personality qualities are inherited?

Back 7

See multiple answers on following slides.

Front 8

FAMILY STUDIES

Back 8

Comparesimilarities between family members to unrelated people. This poses confoundsin environment and genes: people could be similar due to genes, or because theyare around each other a lot and have learned to act like one another. There isalso behavioural genetics, which is the study of the inheritance of behaviouralqualities (including personality).

Front 9

TWIN STUDIES

Back 9

A studycomparing the similarity between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins. MZ =identical (from 1 egg) and DZ = fraternal (from 2 eggs). If MZ twins resembleeach other more closely than DZ twins we can say that genetic influences areimportant. However, if MZ twins are highly correlates AND DZ twins are highlycorrelated, it is due to environmental influences.

Front 10

ADOPTION STUDIES

Back 10

Compares howadopted children resemble their biological parents (genetically based) andtheir adoptive parents (environmentally based).

Front 11

Whatis the difference between temperament and personality traits?

Back 11

TEMPERAMENT: primarily focusedon early-emerging individual differences.

PERSONALITY TRAITS: focused onindividual differences that appear later in childhood and continue intoadulthood.

Front 12

Whatare the 3 fundamental temperaments?

Back 12

See multiple answers on following slides.

Front 13

EMOTIONALITY

Back 13

Intense or easeof emotional reaction, tendency to become emotionally aroused in upsettingsituations. Distress differentiates into anger and fear. Children becomefrightened and angry very quickly. Adults become upset easily and display quicktemper.

Front 14

ACTIVITY

Back 14

Overall output ofenergy or behaviour, intensity (vigor) and speed (tempo) of behaviour. Thosehigh on activity level prefer high-intensity, fast paced activities, whereasthose low on activity level take a more leisurely approach to things. Childrendo not sit still and prefer games of action.

Front 15

SOCIABILITY

Back 15

Social need toaffiliate with others, preference for being with others rather than beingalone, social responsiveness, warmth of reaction, desire for sharingactivities. Children and adults seek out others and generally enjoy theircompany.

Front 16

IMPUSIVITY (?)

Back 16

Tendency torespond quickly (vs. holding back) or resisting (vs. giving in to impulses).

Front 17

Howdo temperaments link to the big 5?

Back 17

NEUROTICISM: emotionality,impulsivity.

EXTRAVERSION: activity,sociability.

AGREEABLENESS: sociability.

OPENNESS: intelligence.

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: opposite ofimpulsivity.

Front 18

Whatare the two types of interplay between genetics and the environment? Explain.

Back 18

1) CORRELATION BETWEEN GENETICAND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: makes it difficult to determine causality and howmuch variability is explained by environment vs. genetics is unclear.

2) INTERACTIONS BETWEENGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT: environment produces different outcomes depending ongenetic composition.

Front 19

Brieflyexplain molecular genetics.

Back 19

Much of the human genome(genetic blueprint of the body) does not vary from person to person. However,differences arise at locations where patterns of DNA proteins vary.

Front 20

Whatare some of the genes related to personality?

Back 20

- DRD4: novelty seeking.

- DRD2: fun-seeking.

- 5HTTLPR: related toneuroticism and agreeableness.

Front 21

Whatis the general idea behind the evolutionary perspective?

Back 21

We are biologically programmedto engage in behaviours that facilitate survival and reproduction (i.e. eating,sex, fighting enemies, and cooperating with friends). These behaviours maximizethe likelihood that our genes will be passed down to the next generation.

Front 22

Whatis natural selection?

Back 22

The process by which adaptivebehaviours are selected. People with genes for adaptive behaviours live to passthese genes on. The result is that human nature reflects behaviours that havebeen adaptive through evolutionary history.

Front 23

Whatis the principle of selection?

Back 23

If a characteristic varies fromperson to person, each gene behind it has several forms (or alleles). Selectionoccurs because one allele is more likely to show up in the next generationbecause it helped with survival or reproduction, or less likely because itinterfered.

Front 24

Whatis sociobiology?

Back 24

The study of evolutionary(biological) basis of social behaviour.

Front 25

Doesa particular trait increase your likelihood of survival (natural selection)?

Back 25

Big 5: innate psychologicalmechanisms and behavioural strategies that development to help us solvesproblems of survival and reproduction.

Front 26

EXTRAVERSION

Back 26

Social rank,cooperation, mating, and exploration.

Front 27

EMOTIONAL STABILITY

Back 27

Social rank,cooperation, mating, and exploration.

Front 28

AGREEABLENESS

Back 28

Intimacy,mating, and altruism.

Front 29

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

Back 29

Work,trust, and dependability.

Front 30

OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE

Back 30

Learning, exploration, and versatility.

Front 31

Why,then, are there individual differences?

Back 31

See multiple answers on following cards.

Front 32

ADAPTIVE VALUE DEPENDS ON THE CONTEXT

Back 32

It can be valuable in one environment yet fatal in others.

Front 33

ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS

Back 33

We all havethe potential to become neurotic, but it is more adaptive in adverseconditions.

Front 34

FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SELECTION

Back 34

Certain traits are adaptive ONLY if there are also people who have theopposite.

Front 35

STABILIZING SELECTION

Back 35

Intermediate value of characteristic is more adaptive than extremes.

Front 36

Whatis the evolutionary argument for altruism?

Back 36

Even though it may confer abiological disadvantage at an individual level, it could help others in thesame gene pool survive and reproduce (inclusive fitness—the passing on of genesthrough the survival of relatives). Therefore, altruism tends to be directedmore towards kin than non-kin.

Front 37

Whatis genetic similarity theory?

Back 37

Suggests that we are moreattracted to partners with genetic similarities. This is an extension of theconcept of altruism, in that we work toward reproducing genes similar to ourown.

Front 38

Whatis the idea of sexual selection?

Back 38

Mating involves competition;individuals compete with members of their own sex for reproductively relevantresources held by members of the opposite sex. We chose mates with qualitiesthat can confer reproductive advantage.

Front 39

Howdoes jealousy relate to evolutionary theory?

Back 39

FEMALES: jealousy results fromemotional infidelity and attractive females and is focused on family support.

MALES: jealousy results fromsexual infidelity and dominant males and is focused on paternity.

Front 40

Whatare some assessment tools used in this perspective?

Back 40

MEASURES OF TEMPERAMENTS:parental reports, behavioural assessments, and lab assessments.

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: predictsdisease risk and enables pre-emptive health plans.

GENETIC COUNSELING: people canbe warned if they carry a gene and can pass it on to offspring.

Front 41

Whatare some problems with this perspective?

Back 41

- What is the role oftemperaments?

- How should personality beconceptualized?

- Are the ideas proposed insociobiology testable and falsifiable?

- Are the arguments about howhuman nature evolved justifications for unfair social conditions?