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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the primary male reproductive organs?
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Gonads (Testes)
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What is the primary responsibility of the gonads?
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- Secretion of hormones
- Production of sperm |
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What are the 3 primary roles of the whole male reproductive tract?
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- Production and transportation of sperm
- Deposit of sperm in the female reproductive tract - Secretion of hormones |
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Where are the testes located?
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Scrotum
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Which glands are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
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- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland - Cowper's glands |
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Which ducts transport sperm from the testes to the outside of the body?
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- Epididymis
- Vans deferens - Ejaculatory ducts - Urethra |
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Enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from increase in number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue is called?
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Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
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What is BPH thought to result from?
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Endocrine changes from the aging process
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What is the most common urologic problem in males?
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BPH
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What part of the prostate does BPH usually develop?
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Inner part of prostate
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What are the possible causes of BPH?
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- Excessive accumulation of dihydroxytestostrone
- Stimulation of estrogen - Local growth hormone action |
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What do the symptoms of BPH result from?
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Partial or complete obstruction due to the enlarged gland compressing the urethra
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What are the risk factors for BPH?
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- Family history (1st degree relatives)
- Environment - Obesity (increased waist circumference) - Diet (high in saturated fatty acids, beef) |
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Do the symptoms for BPH have a gradual or rapid onset?
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Gradual
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What are the obstructive symptoms of BPH due to? what are they?
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Due to urinary retention
- Decrease in caliber of force of urinary stream - Difficulty in initiating urination - Intermittency - Dribbling at the end of voiding |
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What are the irritative symptoms of BPH due to? what are they?
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Due to inflammation or infection
- Urinary frequency/ urgency - Dysuria - Bladder pain - Nocturia - Incontinence |
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What are potential complications of BPH?
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- UTI and sepsis
- Urinary retention - Hydrouretersas (back up of urine) - Hydronephrosis (back up of urine into the kidneys) - Bladder stones - Kidney infection |
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What are some diagnostic studies done for someone with a possible dx of BPH?
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- H & P
- PSA level - DRE - Urinalysis with culture - Serum creatinine - TRUS scan - Uroflometry - Cystoscopy |
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What is the goal of care for someone with BPH?
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To restore bladder drainage
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What are the ways to treat BPH?
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- Watchful waiting
- Dietary changes - Timed voiding schedule - TURP, TUMT, TUNA - Prostatectomy - Drug therapy |
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What 3 things should be avoided in your diet if having BPH?
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- Caffeine
- Artificial sweetners - Spicy foods |
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What are the 2 categories of drugs used for BPH?
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- 5 a- Reductase Inhibitors
- a- Adrenergic receptor blockers |
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5 a- Reductase Inhibitors for BPH
Do what? How long till it starts to work? How often do you take it? Side effects? |
- Decrease size of prostate gland
- Takes 3-6 months for improvement - Take the med on a regular basis - Decreased libido, decreased volume of ejaculation, ED |
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a- Adrenergic receptor blockers for BPH
Do what? How long till it starts to work? How often do you take it? Side effects? |
- Promotes smooth muscle relaxation in prostate; facilitates urinary flow
- Improvement in 2-3 weeks - Symptomatic relief - Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, retrograde ejaculation, nasal congestion |
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What are two examples of a 5 a- Reductase inhibitor?
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- Finasteride (Proscar)
- Dutasteride (Avodart) |
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What are two examples of an a- Adrenergic receptor blocker?
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- Tamsulosin (Flomax)
- Doxazosin (Cardura) |
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When is invasive therapy indicated in BPH?
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- Decreased in urine flow causing discomfort
- Persistent residual urine - Acute urinary retention - Hydronephorsis - Intermittent catheterization can reduce symptoms and bypass obstruction |
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True or false
Long term catheter use is contraindicated because of risk for infection in BPH. |
True
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What is used after a TURP or Prostatectomy to prevent blood clots?
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Continuous bladder irrigation
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True or False
Alcohol, caffeine, cold and cough meds can increase symptoms of BPH. |
True
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How should we teach patients to prevent urinary stasis?
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Instruct to urinate q2- 3 hrs and when first feeling the urge
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What is a name for an antispasmodic suppository?
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Belladonna- Opium
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How is the true urine output calculated on someone with a CBI?
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Foley output - CBI infused = True urine output
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What are Post-op nursing implementations for someone having BPH surgery?
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- Teach Kegel exercises
- Discharge instructions on indwelling catheter - Managing incontinence - 2-3 L of fluids a day - S/S of UTI, wound infection - Avoid heavy lifting - Yearly DRE |
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____ in _____ men will develop prostate cancer.
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1 in 5
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Prostate cancer is usually what kind of cancer?
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Androgen- dependent adenocarinoma
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Where do the majority of the tumors occur on the prostate gland?
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Outer aspect
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What are the two forms of prostate cancer? which is the most common?
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- Latent (most common)
- Aggressive |
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What are the risk factors associated with prostate cancer?
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- high fat diet
- high meat diet - exposure to certain chemicals |
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True or False
BPH is a risk factor for prostate cancer. |
False, it is NOT a risk factor
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Majority of prostate cancer happens in men over age?
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65
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How does prostate cancer spread?
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Spreads through direct extension, through the lymph system or through the blood
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Prostate cancer S/S?
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- Asymptomatic in early stages
- Similar symptoms to BPH in later stages - Main S/S : Pain in lower back that may or may not radiate to hips or legs |
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What are the two primary screening tools for prostate cancer?
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- PSA (Prostate specific antigen
- DRE (Digital rectal exam) |
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Do elevated levels of PSA indicate prostate cancer? if no, what does it indicate?
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No, it indicates that there is some type of prostate pathology but not necessarily cancer
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What are the abnormal findings of a DRE?
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- Hardness
- Nodular - Asymmetric |
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What test gives a definitive dx of prostate cancer?
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Biopsy of the prostate tissue
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What treatments are done for prostate cancer?
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- Watchful waiting
- Surgical therapy - Radiation - Chemo - Drug therapy |
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What are the 3 surgeries done for prostate cancer?
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- Radical prostatectomy
- Cryosurgery - Orchiectomy |
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Define Radical prostatectomy
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Entire gland, seminal vesicles, and part of the bladder neck are removed
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What are the complications of a radical prostatectomy?
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- ED
- Incontinence - Hemorrhage - Urinary retention - Infection |
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What 2 sites are used for a radial prostatectomy?
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- Retropubic
- Perineal |
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Define Cryosurgery
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Surgical technique that destroys cancer cells by freezing the tissue
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Define Orchiectomy
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Surgical removal of testes
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What stages of prostate cancer is an orchiectomy done?
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Advanced
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An Orchiectomy reduces circulating testosterone by _____%.
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90
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The side effects of an orchiectomy are similar to ?
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Menopause
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What kind of therapy is used for a localized prostate cancer tumor?
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Radiation
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Chemotherapy in prostate cancer patient is mainly used for?
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- Those with hormone resistant prostate cancer in late stages
- Palliative |
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What drug therapy is used for prostate cancer?
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- Hormonal therapy: focused on reducing levels of androgens to reduce tumor growth
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