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60 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the primary male reproductive organs?
Gonads (Testes)
What is the primary responsibility of the gonads?
- Secretion of hormones
- Production of sperm
What are the 3 primary roles of the whole male reproductive tract?
- Production and transportation of sperm
- Deposit of sperm in the female reproductive tract
- Secretion of hormones
Where are the testes located?
Scrotum
Which glands are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Cowper's glands
Which ducts transport sperm from the testes to the outside of the body?
- Epididymis
- Vans deferens
- Ejaculatory ducts
- Urethra
Enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from increase in number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue is called?
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
What is BPH thought to result from?
Endocrine changes from the aging process
What is the most common urologic problem in males?
BPH
What part of the prostate does BPH usually develop?
Inner part of prostate
What are the possible causes of BPH?
- Excessive accumulation of dihydroxytestostrone
- Stimulation of estrogen
- Local growth hormone action
What do the symptoms of BPH result from?
Partial or complete obstruction due to the enlarged gland compressing the urethra
What are the risk factors for BPH?
- Family history (1st degree relatives)
- Environment
- Obesity (increased waist circumference)
- Diet (high in saturated fatty acids, beef)
Do the symptoms for BPH have a gradual or rapid onset?
Gradual
What are the obstructive symptoms of BPH due to? what are they?
Due to urinary retention
- Decrease in caliber of force of urinary stream
- Difficulty in initiating urination
- Intermittency
- Dribbling at the end of voiding
What are the irritative symptoms of BPH due to? what are they?
Due to inflammation or infection
- Urinary frequency/ urgency
- Dysuria
- Bladder pain
- Nocturia
- Incontinence
What are potential complications of BPH?
- UTI and sepsis
- Urinary retention
- Hydrouretersas (back up of urine)
- Hydronephrosis (back up of urine into the kidneys)
- Bladder stones
- Kidney infection
What are some diagnostic studies done for someone with a possible dx of BPH?
- H & P
- PSA level
- DRE
- Urinalysis with culture
- Serum creatinine
- TRUS scan
- Uroflometry
- Cystoscopy
What is the goal of care for someone with BPH?
To restore bladder drainage
What are the ways to treat BPH?
- Watchful waiting
- Dietary changes
- Timed voiding schedule
- TURP, TUMT, TUNA
- Prostatectomy
- Drug therapy
What 3 things should be avoided in your diet if having BPH?
- Caffeine
- Artificial sweetners
- Spicy foods
What are the 2 categories of drugs used for BPH?
- 5 a- Reductase Inhibitors
- a- Adrenergic receptor blockers
5 a- Reductase Inhibitors for BPH
Do what?
How long till it starts to work?
How often do you take it?
Side effects?
- Decrease size of prostate gland
- Takes 3-6 months for improvement
- Take the med on a regular basis
- Decreased libido, decreased volume of ejaculation, ED
a- Adrenergic receptor blockers for BPH
Do what?
How long till it starts to work?
How often do you take it?
Side effects?
- Promotes smooth muscle relaxation in prostate; facilitates urinary flow
- Improvement in 2-3 weeks
- Symptomatic relief
- Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, retrograde ejaculation, nasal congestion
What are two examples of a 5 a- Reductase inhibitor?
- Finasteride (Proscar)
- Dutasteride (Avodart)
What are two examples of an a- Adrenergic receptor blocker?
- Tamsulosin (Flomax)
- Doxazosin (Cardura)
When is invasive therapy indicated in BPH?
- Decreased in urine flow causing discomfort
- Persistent residual urine
- Acute urinary retention
- Hydronephorsis
- Intermittent catheterization can reduce symptoms and bypass obstruction
True or false
Long term catheter use is contraindicated because of risk for infection in BPH.
True
What is used after a TURP or Prostatectomy to prevent blood clots?
Continuous bladder irrigation
True or False
Alcohol, caffeine, cold and cough meds can increase symptoms of BPH.
True
How should we teach patients to prevent urinary stasis?
Instruct to urinate q2- 3 hrs and when first feeling the urge
What is a name for an antispasmodic suppository?
Belladonna- Opium
How is the true urine output calculated on someone with a CBI?
Foley output - CBI infused = True urine output
What are Post-op nursing implementations for someone having BPH surgery?
- Teach Kegel exercises
- Discharge instructions on indwelling catheter
- Managing incontinence
- 2-3 L of fluids a day
- S/S of UTI, wound infection
- Avoid heavy lifting
- Yearly DRE
____ in _____ men will develop prostate cancer.
1 in 5
Prostate cancer is usually what kind of cancer?
Androgen- dependent adenocarinoma
Where do the majority of the tumors occur on the prostate gland?
Outer aspect
What are the two forms of prostate cancer? which is the most common?
- Latent (most common)
- Aggressive
What are the risk factors associated with prostate cancer?
- high fat diet
- high meat diet
- exposure to certain chemicals
True or False
BPH is a risk factor for prostate cancer.
False, it is NOT a risk factor
Majority of prostate cancer happens in men over age?
65
How does prostate cancer spread?
Spreads through direct extension, through the lymph system or through the blood
Prostate cancer S/S?
- Asymptomatic in early stages
- Similar symptoms to BPH in later stages
- Main S/S : Pain in lower back that may or may not radiate to hips or legs
What are the two primary screening tools for prostate cancer?
- PSA (Prostate specific antigen
- DRE (Digital rectal exam)
Do elevated levels of PSA indicate prostate cancer? if no, what does it indicate?
No, it indicates that there is some type of prostate pathology but not necessarily cancer
What are the abnormal findings of a DRE?
- Hardness
- Nodular
- Asymmetric
What test gives a definitive dx of prostate cancer?
Biopsy of the prostate tissue
What treatments are done for prostate cancer?
- Watchful waiting
- Surgical therapy
- Radiation
- Chemo
- Drug therapy
What are the 3 surgeries done for prostate cancer?
- Radical prostatectomy
- Cryosurgery
- Orchiectomy
Define Radical prostatectomy
Entire gland, seminal vesicles, and part of the bladder neck are removed
What are the complications of a radical prostatectomy?
- ED
- Incontinence
- Hemorrhage
- Urinary retention
- Infection
What 2 sites are used for a radial prostatectomy?
- Retropubic
- Perineal
Define Cryosurgery
Surgical technique that destroys cancer cells by freezing the tissue
Define Orchiectomy
Surgical removal of testes
What stages of prostate cancer is an orchiectomy done?
Advanced
An Orchiectomy reduces circulating testosterone by _____%.
90
The side effects of an orchiectomy are similar to ?
Menopause
What kind of therapy is used for a localized prostate cancer tumor?
Radiation
Chemotherapy in prostate cancer patient is mainly used for?
- Those with hormone resistant prostate cancer in late stages
- Palliative
What drug therapy is used for prostate cancer?
- Hormonal therapy: focused on reducing levels of androgens to reduce tumor growth