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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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immunity
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The ability of an animal to ward off internal threats, including harmful microorganisms, foreign molecules, and abnormal cells such as cancer cells.
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immune system
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The cells and organs within an animal's body that contribute to immune defenses.
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innate
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The term used to describe behaviors that seem to be genetically programmed.
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acquired immunity
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An immunity defense that develops only after the body is exposed to foreign substances; believed to be unique to vertebrates.
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pathogens
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A microorganism that causes disease symptoms in its host.
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phagocytes
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A cell capable of phagocytosis; phagocytes provide nonspecific defense against pathogens that enter the body.
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phagocytosis
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A form of endocytosis that involves the formation of a membrane vesicle, called a phagocytic vacuole, which engulfs a particle such as a bacterium.
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leukocytes
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A cell that develops from the marrow of certain bones of vertebrates; all leukocytes (also known as white blood cells) perform vital functions that defend the body against infection and disease.
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neutrophils
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A type of phagocyte and the most abundant type of leukocyte. Neutrophils engulf bacteria by endocytosis.
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Eosinophils
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A type of phagocyte found in large numbers in mucosal surfaces lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts, where they fight off parasitic infections.
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monocytes
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A type of phagocyte that circulates in the blood for only a few days, after which it takes up permanent residence in various organs as a macrophage.
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macrophagws
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A type of phagocyte capable of engulfing viruses and bacteria.
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basophil
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A type of leukocyte that secretes the anticlotting factor heparin at the site of an infection, which helps flush out the infected site; basophils also secrete histamine, which attracts infection-fighting cells and proteins.
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Natural killer (NK) cells
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A type of leukocyte that participates in both nonspecific and specific immunity; recognizes general features on the surface of cancer cells or any virus-infected cells.
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dendritic cells
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A type of cell derived from bone marrow stem cells that plays an important role in nonspecific immunity; these cells are scattered throughout most tissues, where they perform various macrophage functions.
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mast cells
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A type of cell derived from bone marrow stem cells that plays an important role in nonspecific immunity.
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inflammation
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An innate local response to infection or injury characterized by local redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
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cytokines
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A family of proteins that function in both nonspecific and specific immune defenses by providing a chemical communication network that synchronizes the components of the immune response.
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interferons
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A protein that generally inhibits viral replication inside host cells.
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complement
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The family of plasma proteins that provides a means for extracellular killing of microbes without prior phagocytosis.
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antigen
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Any foreign molecule that the host does not recognize as self and that triggers a specific immune response.
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lymphocytes
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A type of leukocyte that is responsible for specific immunity; the two types are B cells and T cells.
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lymphatic system
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A system of vessels along with a group of organs and tissues where most leukocytes reside. The lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood.
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B cells
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A type of lymphocyte responsible for specific immunity.
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T cells
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A type of lymphocyte that directly kills infected, mutated, or transplanted cells.
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plasma cells
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A cell that synthesizes and secretes antibodies.
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cytotoxic T cells
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A type of lymphocyte that travels to the location of its target, binds to the target by combining with an antigen on it, and directly kills the target via secreted chemicals.
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helper T cells
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A type of lymphocyte that assists in the activation and function of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
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humoral immunity
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A type of specific immunity in which plasma cells secrete antibodies that bind to antigens.
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cell-mediated immunity
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A type of specific immunity in which cytotoxic T cells directly attack and destroy infected body cells, cancer cells, or transplanted cells.
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effector cells
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A cloned lymphocyte that carries out the attack response during specific immunity.
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memory cell
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A cloned lymphocyte that remains poised to recognize a returning antigen; a component of specific immunity.
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antibodies
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A protein secreted by plasma cells that is part of the immune response; antibodies travel all over the body to reach antigens identical to those that stimulated their production, combine with these antigens, then guide an attack that eliminates the antigens or the cells bearing them.
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immunoglobulins
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A Y-shaped protein with two heavy chains and two light chains that provides immunity to foreign substances; antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin.
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heavy chains
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A part of an immunoglobulin molecule.
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light chains
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1. A part of an immunoglobulin molecule. 2. Two of the polypeptides that comprise each myosin molecule.
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variable region
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A unique domain within an immunoglobulin that serves as the antigen-binding site.
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constant regions
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The portions of amino acid sequences in the heavy and light chains that are identical for all immunoglobulins of a given class.
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hypermutation
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A process that primarily involves numerous C to T point mutations that are crucial to enabling lymphocytes to produce a diverse array of immunoglobulins capable of recognizing many different antigens.
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clonal selection
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The process by which an antigen-stimulated lymphocyte divides and forms a clone of cells, each of which recognizes that particular antigen.The process by which an antigen-stimulated lymphocyte divides and forms a clone of cells, each of which recognizes that particular antigen.
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opsonization
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The process by which an antibody binds to a pathogen and provides a means to link the pathogen with a phagocyte.
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major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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A gene family that encodes the plasma membrane self proteins that must be complexed with an antigen for T-cell recognition to occur.
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antigen-presenting cells (APC)
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Cells bearing fragments of antigen, called antigenic determinants or epitopes, complexed with the cell's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
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epitope
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Antigenic determinants; the peptide fragments of an antigen that are complexed to MHC proteins and presented to a helper T cell.
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3 ways APC participates in the activation of a helper T cell
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1. antigen presentation
2. provision of a costimulus 3. secretion of cytokines |
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immune tolerance
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The process by which the body distinguishes between self and nonself components.
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clonal deletion
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One of two mechanisms that explain why normal individuals lack active lymphocytes that respond to self components; T cells with receptors capable of binding self proteins are destroyed by apoptosis.
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clonal inactivation
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One of two mechanisms that explain why normal individuals lack active lymphocytes that respond to self components; the process occurs outside the thymus and causes potentially self-reacting T cells to become nonresponsive.
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autoimmune disease
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In humans and many other vertebrates, a disorder in which the body's normal state of immune tolerance breaks down, with the result that attacks are directed against the body's own cells and tissues.
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primary immune response
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The response to an initial exposure to an antigen.
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secondary immune response
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An immediate and heightened production of additional specific antibodies against the particular antigen that previously elicited a primary immune response.
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immunological memory
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The immune system's ability to produce a secondary immune response.
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active immunity
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An animal's ability to fight off a pathogen to which it has been previously exposed. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection or artificial immunization.
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passive immunity
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A type of acquired immunity that confers protection against disease through the direct transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.
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monoclonal antibodies
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Antibodies of a specific type that are derived from a single clone of cells.
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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A retrovirus that is the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects helper T cells because the CD4 protein in their plasma membranes acts as a receptor for an HIV capsid protein.
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