Ch 5: Tree Nutrition & Fertilizer

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Essential Element

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Is a chemical constituent that is involved in the metabolism of the tree or that is necessary for the tree to complete its life cycle

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ANSI A300 standards for fertilization

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Accredited standards committee on trees shrubs and other Woody plant maintenance operations

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Macronutrient

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a substance required in relatively large amounts by living organisms

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Nitrogen's role as a macronutrient

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It is a constituent of proteins and chlorophyll and is critical to photosynthesis and other plant processes

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Chlorosis

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The yellowing between the veins of leaves, often, due to nitrogen deficiency

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Most common macronutrients

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Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S)

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Secondary nutrients

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Are required in moderate quantities; including magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca)

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What are Palms commonly deficient in?

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Magnesium (Mg)

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Micronutrients

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Required in smaller quantities and may actually be toxic at higher levels.

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Complete fertilizer

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A fertilizer that contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)

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Fertilizer analysis

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Listed ingredients on the container expresses the composition of the fertilizer as percentage by weight of total nitrogen(N), available phosphoric acid (P2O5), and is soluble potash (K2O), always listed in the same order.

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Two types of fertilizer

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Organic and inorganic

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One advantage of organic fertilizer

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They must be converted into inorganic ions before absorption therefore they are not bleached as readily from the soil

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Slow-release fertilizers

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Release their nutrients, usually nitrogen, over an extended period of time

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Fertilizer burn

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Excessive salinity in a root Zone that draws moisture out of the roots

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Water insoluble nitrogen

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Nitrogen fertilizer in a form that is not readily soluble in water

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What time of year is it best to fertilize?

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Spring and summer when metabolic need is at its greatest

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Surface application & it's 3 advantages

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fertilizer applied to a soil surface & may require to be watered in.

-least amount of time to apply

-most absorbing roots are present near the surface

-no sophisticated equipment needed.

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Volatilization

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Run off into nearby rivers and streams where contamination takes place

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What is Subsurface application of fertilizers?

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Applying fertilizer below the majority of surface roots

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Drill hole method of fertilizer application

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Drilling holes in concentric circles or a grid underneath the tree canopy to the drip line and applying granular fertilizer to those holes.

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Drip line of a tree

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The exterior edge of a tree canopy

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Liquid injection fertilization method

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Using a soil injector liquid fertilizer or fertilizer suspended in water is hydraulically pumped into the soil

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Foliar application of fertilizer

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Fertilizer applied to the canopy of the tree to correct minor deficiencies in minerals

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Implants and injections

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Used to introduce chemicals into the xylem of trees. Used to correct minor nutrient deficiencies.

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Prescription fertilization

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Soil and foliar analysis by a lab to determine fertilization needs of trees

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Reverse osmosis

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Water draining out of a location

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Limitations to trunk implants & micro injections

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Limited the trees over 4" in diameter, not suited for addressing micronutrient deficiencies, resulting wounds limit ability to repeat applications

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Rate often recommended for fertilization

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2 to 4 lb per 1,000 feet

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Trees up take Essential Elements dissolved in 🍌 through the roots.

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Water

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🍌 are elements required by trees in relatively large quantities.

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macronutrients

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The macronutrient 🍌 is a constituent of chlorophyll and if deficient can cause reduced growth and yellowing of the foliage.

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Nitrogen

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Yellowing between the leaf veins is called 🍌 and maybe the result of mineral deficiencies.

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Chlorosis

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It is desirable to use 🍌 - 🍌 🍌 because they release nutrients usually nitrogen over an extended period of time.

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Slow-release fertilizers

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The 🍌 🍌 listed on the container gives the relative percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

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Fertilizer analysis

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A 50lb bag of 20-10-5 fertilizer contains 🍌 pounds of actual nitrogen.

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10 lb

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Manure and sewage sludge are 🍌 forms of fertilizer.

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organic

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If fertilizer "burn" or leaching are potential problems, it may be desirable to use 🍌- 🍌 fertilizer.

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Slow-release

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If the concentration of salts within the surrounding soil is much greater than the concentration of solutes (salts) found in root cells, this leads to the phenomenon known as 🍌 🍌in which water is drawn out of the roots.

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Reverse osmosis

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The most important factor for good uptake of fertilizer elements is adequate 🍌.

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Water

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True or false: surface application of fertilizer is relatively inexpensive and makes the fertilizer available in the upper few inches of soil.

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True

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What is the biggest problem with deep root fertilization?

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fertilizer is placed below the absorbing roots

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Foliar application of fertilizer is sometimes used to correct 🍌 deficiencies.

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Micronutrients

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Name two limitations to trunk implants and micro injections.

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They can only be done on trees with a diameter greater than 4 in, not suited for addressing macro nutrient deficiencies, cannot be done more than once in the same place.

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Wilting, marginal burning, and die back maybe symptoms of excessive 🍌 🍌 in the root Zone.

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Fertilizer salts

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🍌 is the washing out of chemicals down through the soil.

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Leaching

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Fertilization recommendations should be based on 🍌 🍌.

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Element requirements

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Two of the most important levels measured in a soil analysis are the 🍌 and the salt levels.

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pH

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Study still show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree's energy allocation toward growth sometimes at the expense of 🍌.

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Defense