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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define stress |
a psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for the person and that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources |
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Define stressors |
The demands that cause people to experience stress |
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Define strains |
The negative consequence that occur when demands tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources |
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Describe the transactional theory of stress |
theory that explains how stressful demands are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to the perceptions and appraisals |
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When is the process of primary appraisal triggered? What is it?
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- Occurs when people first encounter a stressor - Primary appraisal: evaluation of whether a demand is stressful and, if it is, what that means for personal goals and well-being |
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Define benign job demands
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Job demands that are not appraised as stressful
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What are hindrance stressors? What emotions do they trigger?
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- Hindrance stressors: stressful demands perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal - Emotions triggered: negative emotions like anxiety and anger |
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What are challenge stressors? What emotions do they trigger?
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-Stressors that tend to be appraised as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement - Can be exhausting, but can also trigger positive emotions like pride and enthusiasm |
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What are the four main types of stressors?
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Work hindrance, work challenge Nonwork hindrance, nonwork challenge |
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Name 4 examples of work hindrance stressors
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- Role conflict - Role ambiguity - Role overload - Daily hassles |
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Define role conflict. What type of stressor is it?
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Work hindrance stressor: conflicting expectations of what an individual needs to do
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Define role ambiguity. What type of stressor is it?
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Work hindrance stressor: Lack of information about what needs to be done in a role and unpredictability about consequences for performance in that role |
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Define role overload. What type of stressor is it?
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Work hindrance stressor: occurs when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that they simply cannot perform some or all of the roles effectively
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Define daily hassles. What type of stressor is it?
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Work hindrance stressor: minor day-to-day demands that interfere with work accomplishment |
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Defint time pressure. What type of stressor is it?
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Work challenge stressor: sense that the allotted time just isn't quite enough Stressful, but generally perceived as more challenging than hindering |
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Define work complexity. What type of stressor is it?
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Work challenge stressor: degree to which the requirements of the work (as far as knowledge, skill, etc.) tax or exceed capabilities of the person doing the work
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Define work responsibility. What type of stressor is it?
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Work challenge stressor: nature of the obligations that the person has toward others
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Name three types of work challenge stressors
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Time pressure Work complexity Work responsibility |
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Define work-family conflict. What kind of stressor is it?
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Nonwork hindrance stressor: form of role conflict in which demands of the work role affect demands of the family role or vice versa. Can occur as work-to-family or family-to-work (e.g., stress of divorce affecting work performance) |
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Define negative life events. What kind of stressor is it?
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Nonwork hindrance stressor: events like divorce, death of a family member, etc. that are appraised as a hindrance to achieving life goals
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Define financial uncertainty. Why type of stressor is it?
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Nonwork hindrance stressor: uncertainty with regard to potential for loss of livelihood, savings, or the ability to pay for expenses
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Name three nonwork hindrance stressors
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work-family conflict negative life events financial uncertainty |
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Define family time demands. What kind of stressor is it?
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Nonwork challenge stressor: the amount of time committed to fulfilling family responsibilities (social events, family games, hosting parties, home improvement)
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Define personal development activities. What kind of stressor?
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Nonwork challenge stressor: participation in activities outside of work that foster growth and learning (volunteering, non-work learning, etc.)
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Define positive life events. What kind of stressor?
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Nonwork challenge stressor: events like marriage, birth of a child, graduating from school that are appraised as a challenge
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Name three nonwork challenge stressors |
Family time demands Personal development activities Positive life events |
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What two questions do people ask during the secondary appraisal?
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What should I do? What can I do? |
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Define coping
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Behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands and the emotions associated with those demands
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What are the four types of coping strategies?
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Behavioral problem-focused Behavioral emotion-focused (emotion reg.) Cognitive problem-focused Cognitive emotion-focused (emotion reg.) |
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What are the two dimensions of coping strategies?
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- Method of coping (behavioral vs. cognitive) - Focus of coping (problem-solving vs. emotion regulation) |
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Define behavioral coping |
Set of physical activities that are used to deal with a stressful situation (avoiding work, working faster, getting a new organizer, etc.)
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Define cognitive coping
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Thoughts that are used to deal with stressful situations
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Define problem-focused coping
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Behaviors and cognitions intended to manage the stressful situation itself (focus on ways to meet the demand)
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Define emotion-focused coping
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ways in which people manage their own emotional reactions in response to stressful events (avoid feeling unpleasant emotions. Can include restructing thoughts)
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How does the nature of the stressful demand affect perception of having a sense of control over it?
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People feel more control over a stressor when they perceive it as a challenge rather than a hindrance |
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When are people more likely to use a problem-focused strategy? An emotion-focused strategy?
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Problem-focused: perceive that they have the power to change it Emotion-focused: cannot change the situation itself |
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How does stress lead to strain?
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The body has a set of responses that allow it to respond to stressful demands. If the stressful demands do not ramp down or occur too frequently, the body's responses become toxic --> strain
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What are three types of strain that result from prolonged or excessive stress?
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Physiological strain Psychological strain Behavioral strain |
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What are four systems in the human body that are affected by physiological stressors? |
Immune system Cardiovascular system Musculoskeletal system Gastrointestinal system |
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What are examples of psychological strains?
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depression, anxiety, anger, hostility, loss of sense of humor, reduced self confidence, lack of creativity, memory loss
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Define burnout
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the emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongong basis
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List examples of behavioral strains
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teeth grinding, being overly critical, excessive smoking, alcohol overuse, compulsive eating |
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Name a way that people differ in their responses to stress
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whether they exhibit type A behavior pattern |
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Describe people with the type A behavior pattern
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experience more stressors, appraise more demands as stressful rather than benign, and are prone to experiencing more strains
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Name two overall things that affect the way people manage stress (two moderators)
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- Degree to which they exhibit type A behavior pattern - Degree of social support that they receive |
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Define social support and name the two types of social support
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Social support: help that people receive from others when they are confronted with stressful demands - Instrumental support - Emotional support |
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Define instrumental support
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Type of social support: the help people receive from others that can be used to address the stressful demand directly
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Define emotional support
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Type of social support: help people receive (empathy, understanding) in addressing the emotional distress from stressful demands
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When answering the question of why some employees are more stressed than others, what three things do the moderators type A and social support affect? |
- stressors (hindrance, challenge; work, nonwork) - stress - strain (physiological, psychological, behavioral) |
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What effect do hindrance work stressors have on job performance? Why?
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- weak negative correlation - hindrance stressors cause strains and negative emotions that decrease physical, cognitive, and emotional energy (resulting illness, exhaustion, and drunkenness do not help job performance) |
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What effect do hindrance work stressors have on organizational commitment? Why?
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strong negative correlation - strains --> unpleasant --> dissatisfaction --> strong relationship between satisfaction and organizational commitment |
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What effect do challenge work stressors have on job performance? Why?
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weak positive trigger problem-focused coping strategies |
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What effect do challenge work stressors have on organizational commitment? Why?
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moderate positive trigger positive emotions that increase satisfaction and sense of accomplishment |
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"Reductions in productivity that result from ________________ are even larger than reductions in productivity that result from _______________"
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Presenteeism Absenteeism |
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Define presenteeism
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Employees come to work sick because they value the challenge stressors in their jobs |
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"Between ____% and _____% of all doctor visits can be attributed to stress-related causes, and the cost of providing healthcare to people who experience high stress can be _____% higher than for those who experience lower levels of stress."
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60-90% 50% higher |
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What 4 steps can employers take to manage employee stress?
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Stress assessment Reduce stressors Provide resources Reduce strains |
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What are some of the questions involved in a stress assessment/stress audit?
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Organization: Is the organization going through changes that increase employee uncertainty? Work itself: What are the level and types of stressors experienced by employees? Relationships: relationships between employees and each other, between employees and the organization |
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Name two ways of reducing stressors |
Manage stressors (e.g., job sharing, certain workflow policies) Employee sabbaticals (problem is that the stressor will still be waiting...) |
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Reducing stressors is most effective for managing what type of stressors?
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Hindrance stressors
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What is an effective, general strategy for helping employees cope with challenge stressors? Give two examples
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Providing resource e.g., training interventions that increase demands employees can handle before perceiving them as taxing, which promotes problem-focused coping because the demands seem more controllable e.g., supportive practices that help employees balance their different roles (flextime, telecommuting, childcare, etc.) |
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Name/describe three categories of strain-reduction techniques
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Relaxation techniques: engage in activities like deep breathing that counteract stressors by reducing heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure Cognitive-behavioral techniques: help people appraise and cope with stressors more rationally Health and wellness programs: help prevent downward burnout spiral |
