Ch 5 - Psych As A Natural Science

Front 1

What is the relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

Which Russian physiologist discovered classical conditioning?

Back 2

Ivan Pavlov

Front 3

What is the benign stimulus which elicits no response?

Back 3

Neutral stimulus (NS)
eg: bell prior to conditioning

Front 4

Which is the stimuluss that naturally elicits the UR?

Back 4

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

eg: the food

Front 5

Which is the natural, automatic (or reflexive) response to the US?

Back 5

Unconditioned response

eg: salivation

Front 6

Once the NS elicits the CR after conditioning, what is this called?

Back 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

eg: bell, after conditioning

Front 7

Once the UR is elicited by the CS after conditioning, what is this called?

Back 7

Conditioned response (CR)

eg: salivation to bell

Front 8

What is the tendency of stimuli that are similar to the CS (conditioned stimulus) to elicit the CR (conditioned response)?

Back 8

Generalization

Front 9

What is the tendency of stimuli that are similar to the CS (conditioned stimulus) to gradually stop eliciting the CR (conditioned response) following repeated presentation of the CS (conditioned stimulus) without the US (unconditioned stimulus)?

Back 9

Extinction

Front 10

What is the tendency of stimuli that are similar to the CS (conditioned stimulus) to decreasingly elicit the CR (conditioned response) as they become less similar (and are never paired with the US (unconditioned stimulus))?

Back 10

Discrimination

Front 11

What is the full re-establishment of the CR (conditioned response) following a single CS-US (conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus) pairing, after it has been extinguished?

Back 11

Spontaneous recovery

Front 12

What occurs when a strong CS (conditioned stimulus) is paired with a new NS (neutral stimulus - NS'), causing NS' to become a second CS (conditioned stimulus - CS')?

Back 12

Higher-order conditioning

Front 13

What are emotional responses that have become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli?

Back 13

Conditioned emotional response

ex: Little Albert; phobias, anxiety, depression

Front 14

What is the conditioning that's caused as a result of watching someone else respond to a stimulus?

Back 14

Vicarious conditioning

Front 15

What is the development of an avoidance response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by aversive effects in usually one situation?

Back 15

Conditioned taste avoidance

Front 16

What is the idea that animals have a tendency to learn certain associations with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning?

Back 16

Biological preparedness

Front 17

What is the idea that all natural phenomena have equal potential to serve as a CS (conditioned stimulus)?

Back 17

Equipotentiality hypothesis

Front 18

What is the voluntary behavior learned through consequences?

Back 18

Operant conditioning

Front 19

What are the responses followed by pleasurable consequences tending to be repeated called?

Back 19

Thorndike's law of effect

Front 20

Which scientist studied observable, measurable behavior and stated that operant conditioning had voluntary behavior and that learning depended on consequences?

Back 20

BF Skinner

Front 21

Any consequence that makes a response more likely to occur

Back 21

Reinforcement

Front 22

What is the reinforcer meeting a basic biological need or drive called?

Back 22

Primary reinforcer

Front 23

What is a reinforcer via pairing with a primary reinforcer called?

Back 23

Secondary reinforcer

Front 24

What has an addition of a pleasurable stimulus?

Back 24

Positive reinforcement

Front 25

What is the removal, escape, or avoidance of aversive stimulus?

Back 25

Negative reinforcement

Front 26

What is any consequence that makes a response less likely to occur?

Back 26

Punishment

Front 27

What is the addition of an unpleasant stimulus?

Back 27

Positive punishment (application)

Front 28

What is the removal of a pleasurable stimulus?

Back 28

Negative punishment (removal)

Front 29

List 4 drawbacks to severe punishment

Back 29

1) Fear and anxiety

2) Lying

3) Avoidance

4) Modeling of aggression

Front 30

List 3 ways of making punishment more effective

Back 30

1) Immediate

2) Consistent

3) Paired with reinforcement for correct behaviors

Front 31

List 5 characteristics of operant conditioning

Back 31

1) End result is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response

2) Responses are voluntary

3) Consequences are important in forming an association

4) Reinforcement should be immediate, and an expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response

Front 32

List 5 characteristics of cllassical conditioning

Back 32

1) End results is the creation of a new response to a stimulus that did not normally produce that response

2) Responses are involuntary and reflexive

3) Antecedent stimuli are important in forming an association
4) CS must occur immediately before the UCS, and an expectancy develops for UCS to follow CS

Front 33

In schedules of reinforcement, which is the same number of desired responses required?

Back 33

Fixed ratio

Front 34

In schedules of reinforcement, which is the number or responses required varies for each event?

Back 34

Variable Ratio

Front 35

In schedules of reinforcement, which is always the same time before reinforcement opportunity?

Back 35

Fixed interval

Front 36

In schedules of reinforcement, which reinforcement has possibilities after varying amounts of time?

Back 36

Variable interval

Front 37

What is the cue to specific response for reinforcement?

Back 37

Discriminative stimulus
eg: flashing light on a police car, door that says "open"

Front 38

What are 5 characteristics of shaping?

Back 38

1) Small steps

2) Effective reinforcement

3) Heavy early reinforcement

4) Reinforce less and less

5) Incorporate harder steps

Front 39

What concept in operant conditioning has small steps, effective reinforcement, heavy early reinforcement, reinforces less and less, and incorporates harder steps?

Back 39

Shaping

Front 40

Which idea in classical conditioning involves the removal of the UCS, unconditioned stimulus, that eventually acts as a reinforcer of the CS-CR bond?

Back 40

Extinction

Front 41

The idea in classical conditioning where the recurrence of a conditioned response after extinction will also happen with operant responses

Back 41

Spontaneous recovery

Front 42

What is the idea that animals can only be trained to perform behaviors related to their evolutionary history?

Back 42

Biological constraints

Front 43

What is the idea that an animal's conditioned behavior reverts to genetic patterns?

Back 43

Instinctive drif

Front 44

What is the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about the desired changes in behavior?

Back 44

Behavior modification

Front 45

What is the type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens?

Back 45

Token economy

Front 46

What is the modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response?

Back 46

Applied behavior analysis

Front 47

Controlling involuntary responses (e.g., blood pressure) via biological

Back 47

Biofeedback

Front 48

What is modifying behavior viabrainscanning andfeedback about brainactivity?

Back 48

Neurofeedback

Front 49

Who was the early cognitive scientist?

Back 49

Edward Tolman

Front 50

Who found evidence of insight, the sudden perception of the relationships among elements of a problem, in chimpanzees?

Back 50

Kohler

Front 51

What is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures to do so?

Back 51

Learned helplessness

eg: Seligman found parallels with depression

Front 52

What is learning new behavior by watching a model behave called?

Back 52

Observational learning

Front 53

What are the two conditions of observational learning as seen in Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

Back 53

Aggressive and non-aggressive model
eg: model's behavior imitated even in absence of reward

Front 54

What are the four elements of observational learning?

Back 54

Attention, memory, imitation, desire