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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The future tense with modals is composed of ...
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... werden + an infinitive (which will be a double infinitive when there is already a dependent infinitive).
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trans: He must go home.
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Er muss nach Hause gehen.
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trans: He will have to go home.
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Er wird nach Hause gehen müssen.
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The present perfect tense with modals is composed of ...
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(i) haben + past participle (when there is no dependent infinitive) or (ii) haben + double infinitive (when there is a dependent infinitive). [Note: all modal aux use haben, not sein, to form perfect tenses.]
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trans: He had to [go] home. [use present perfect]
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Er hat nach Hause gemusst.
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trans: He had to go home. [pres perf.]
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Er hat nach Hause gehen mu:ssen. [Note: *not* gehen gemusst - the past participle "changes into" a infinitive when it appears after a dependent infinitive.)
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The past perfect tense with modals is composed of ...
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(i) hatten + past participle (when there is no dependent infinitive) or (ii) hatten+ double infinitive (when there is a dependent infinitive
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Rule: word order in dependent clauses with modal auxiliaries:
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When a double infinitive construction is used, the conjugated verb *precedes* the two infinitives.
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trans: He said that he had not read it.
(indirect quote - not subj 1) |
Er sagte, dass er es nicht gelesen hat.
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trans: He said that he was not able to read it.
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Er sagte, dass er es nicht hat lesen ko:nnen.
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Structurally, helfen, lassen, and the verbs relating to the senses behave like modal auxiliaries.
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Verbs of this type take (i) dependent infinitives in the present tense; (ii) use the double infinitive construction to form the perfect tenses (when accompanied by a dependent infinitive).
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trans: I see it coming.
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Ich sehe es kommen.
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trans: I saw it coming. [past]
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Ich sah es kommen.
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trans: I'll see it coming.
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Ich werde es kommen sehen.
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trans: I've seen it coming.
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Ich habe es kommen sehen.
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trans: I had seen it coming.
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Ich hatte es kommen sehen.
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Lassen has three basic meanings ...
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(i) to leave - when used by itself, without a double inf.; (ii) to let or allow (permission) - behaves like a modal; (iii) to have (something done); to have or make (s.o. do something) - behaves like a modal expression.
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trans: I left my briefcase at home. [pres. perf.]
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Ich habe meine Mappe zu Hause gelassen.
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trans: He let me take his car. [past]
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Er liess mich seinen Wagen nehmen.
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trans: He had the car repaired. [past]
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Er liess den Wagen reparieren.
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Accusative case is used to indicate (with respect to time)...
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definite time when no preposition is involved. (E.g. Wir gehen jeden Winter Ski laufen.)
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Genitive case is used to indicate (with respect to time) . . .
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indefinite time. (E.g. Eines Tages ist sie einfach wegegangen.)
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trans: He's been living here for a week. (2 notes)
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Er wohnt hier seit einer Woche. (Note: (i) seit always takes a dative object; (ii) seit is used with the present tense if the time expression refers to something that began in the past and is still going on).
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With two way prepositions, the dative is used to answer (with respect to time) the question _____, and indicate ______.
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With two way prepositions, the dative is used to answer the question when?, and indicate point in time.
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trans: They left a week ago. (pres. perf.)
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Sie sind vor einer Woche weggegangen.
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With two way prepositions, the accusative is used to answer (with respect to time) the question _____, and indicate ______.
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With two way prepositions, the accusative is used to answer the question how long?, and indicate period of time.
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trans: I'm going to Germany for a year.
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Ich fahre auf ein Jahr nach Deutschland. (Conversational German increasingly tends to use fu:r rather than auf in such cases.)
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Both seit and auf can mean "for" in time expressions, and they both suggest periods of time. Furthermore both are normally used with the present tense in German. The difference b/t them is . . .
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(i) Seit einem Jahr refers to a year already past; (ii) Auf ein Jahr refers to a year yet to come.
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