Ch. 5 Learning

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior

Front 2

Conditioning

Back 2

the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus

Front 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Back 4

a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way

Front 5

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Back 5

a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs

Front 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 6

An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone

Front 7

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 7

After conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented

Front 8

Desensitization Therapy

Back 8

A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation

Front 9

Conditioned Food/Taste Aversion

Back 9

conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Front 10

Operant Behavior

Back 10

behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant

Front 11

Operant Conditioning

Back 11

the type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments

Front 12

Reinforcers

Back 12

a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 13

Punishers

Back 13

a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 14

Law of Effect

Back 14

Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out"

Front 15

Avoidance Training

Back 15

learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant such as punishment

Front 16

Learned Helplessness-

Back 16

failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli

Front 17

Skinner Box-

Back 17

a box often used in operant conditioning of animals. which limits the available response and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur

Front 18

Shaping-

Back 18

reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior

Front 19

Extinction-

Back 19

a decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (classical conditioning) or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Front 20

Spontaneous Recovery-

Back 20

the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training

Front 21

Schedule of Reinforcement-

Back 21

in operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered

Front 22

Cognitive Learning-

Back 22

learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable

Front 23

Latent Learning-

Back 23

learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change

Front 24

Insight-

Back 24

learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem

Front 25

Learning Sets-

Back 25

the ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved

Front 26

Observational Learning-

Back 26

learning by observing other people's behavior

Front 27

Social Learning Theory-

Back 27

a view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience