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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the largest organ system?
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Integument
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What are the two components of the Integument system?
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Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Accessory structures |
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What is the Cutaneous membrane?
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Epidermis- superficial epithelium
Dermis- underlying CT |
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What are Accessory structures?
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Hair, nails, multicellular exocrine glands
-Most located in dermis and protrude through epidermis |
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Subcutaneous layer
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hypodermis
-Deep to dermis (more towards inside) -has a lot of the main vessels and subcutaneous fats |
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What are the functions of the Integument
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-Protection of the underlying tissues, locking in heat or letting it out
-Excretion- Salt water organics -Maintenance- of the body temperatur -Synthesis of vitamin D3 -Storage of lipids -Detection of pain, pressure -Social functions-communication |
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Epidermis is ...
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-Avascular- doesn't have any blood vessels
-Dominated by Keratinocytes -made of 5 layers |
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Stratum Germinativum
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or Stratum basale
-interlocks with dermis -Forms epidermal ridges (adajent to dermal papili) -Basal cells dominate -->replace keratinocytes |
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Stratum Spinosum
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-Superficial to S. Germinativum
-8-10 layers of keratinocytes -Contain langerhans cells which stimulate defense against microorganisms and superficial skin cancers |
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Stratum Granulosum
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-3-5 layers of keratinocytes
-Cells stop dividing, are nearly dead -Cells begin producing keratin and keratohyalin |
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Stratum Lucidum
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-Tick skin only (soles of feet, palms of hands)
-Glassy layer -Cells packed with keratin and excess keratin |
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Stratum Corneum
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-15-20 layers of keratinized cells
-Dry-inhospitable environment -Lipid secretions maintain the layer -Water resistant (insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration) |
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Insensible perspiration
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Always loosing moisture, as you breathe, as air blows over you
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Sensible perspiration
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When yo're working out
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Skin color has to do with...
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Epidermal Pigmentation and Dermal Circulation
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Epidermal pigmentation
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-Carotene-most apparent in S. corneum, gives you a orange color
-Malnin-produced by melanocytes (larger in individuals with darker skin) *Travels in vesicles to keratinocytes *Pale skin occurs in S. germinativum and spinosum *Darker Skin- granulosum *Protects keratinocyes from UV |
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Dermal Circulation
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-Hemoglobin-red
*When you get embarrassed it increases blood flow and you turn red -Cyanosis-blue *sustained reduction in oxygen, so your hemoglobin is blue-ish so you look blue |
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Jaundice
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Liver unable to excrete bile, yellow pigment in body fluids
-results in yellow tint to skin |
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Vitiligo
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Loss of melanocytes in skin
-Splotches of color in skin (Michael Jackson) |
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Epidermis and Steroid Production
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-UV radiation- S. spinosum and germinativum convert cholesterol related steroid to vitamin D3 used in absorption of Ca and P
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Epidermal Growth Factor
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-Promotes division of germinative cells
-Accelerates production of keratin in keratinocytes -Stimulates development and repair -Stimulates synthetic activity and secretion |
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Dermis
-Papillary (dermal papillae) |
Areolar TIssue
-Capillaries, lymphatics, sensory neurons -Where you can sense pressure, pain, etc. |
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Dermis
-Reticular |
-Dense irregular tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
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Dermal Strength
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-Tolerant of stretching
-Skin Tugor- flexibility and resilience of skin |
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Stretch marks
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-Skin stretches beyond elastic capabilities
-They tend to go away |
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Lines of Cleavage
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-Collagen and elastic fibers arranged in parallel bundles
-Used a lot in surgery field -Heal better if you cut with the lines |
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Dermal Circulation
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-Cutaneous Plxus
-Papillary plexus -Contusions |
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Cutaneous plexus
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network of arteries along reticular layer of dermis
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Papillary plexus
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provides blood to capillaries along epidermis-dermis layers
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Contustions
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Bruise, when you break the capillaries in the papillary plexus
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Ulcers
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-Decubitis ulcers (bedsores)
-Dead skin areas -Circulation is difficult in areas -Too much pressure from lying down on teh areas too long |
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Innervation of Skin
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Integument filled with sensory receptors
-Merkel cells monitored by Merkel discs -Sensors to light touch (Meissner's corpuscles) -Sensors to deep rpessure (Pacinian corpuscles) |
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Subcutaneous Layer
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-Interwoven with reticular layer
-Stabilizes position of skin in relation to other tissues -Areolar and adipose tissue -Superficial region contains many blood vessels *blood reservoir |
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Where is the Hair produced?
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In the dermis and epidermis
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Bulb (of hair)
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epithelial cells surrounding papilla
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Papilla (of hair)
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peg of CT with capillaries and nerves
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Root (of hair)
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base to 1/2 way to surface
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Shaft (of hair)
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root to tip
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Cuticle (of hair)
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outer surface of shaft
-dead keratinized cells |
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Cortex (of hair)
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intermediate layer
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Medulla (of hair)
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core (soft keratin)
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Vellus hairs
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"peach fuzz" all over body
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Terminal hairs
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Heavy, deeply pigmented (head, eyebrows)
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What is hair color caused by?
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Differences in pigment produced at papilla by mealnocytes
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Function of Hair
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-Protection (head, nose, ears)
*Acts as physical protection against mosquitos *Hair in nose-helps slow down air so it can be warmed and helps filter air *Hair in ears keeps foreign particles out -Root hair plexus-sensory nerves -Warning- Arrector pili |
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Sebaceous gland
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oil
-Holocrine, simple branched -Arrector pili contract to sqeexe oil onto follicle and skin surface |
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Sebaceous follicles
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Glands not associated with hair follicles
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Seborrheic dermatitis
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Infection of sebaceous follicles
*commonly affect the ears and the T-zone |
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Apocrine
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sweat gland
-Produce sticky, cloudy secretion *Armpits, around nipples and groin *Myoepithelial cells contract |
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Merocrine
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Sweat Gland- sensible perspiration
-Cool surface of skin -excrete water, electrolytes and drugs -provide protection from environmental hazards *Flushing-rinses chemicals off of skin *Dermacidin- kind of an antibacterial- kills some of the microorganisms that might get on your skin |
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Glandular Secretion Control
-Apocrine |
Turned on by autonomic nerous system
-If one is on, they are all on |
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Glandular Secretion Control
-Merocrinee |
more precisely controlled
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What are nails composed of?
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compressed cells packed with keratin
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What is the function of nails?
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Protect exposed tips
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What are the parts of the nail?
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-Nail body (exposed part) covers nail bed
-Production occurs at nail root -Cuticle- stratum corneum extends over exposed nail |
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What happens with injury to integument?
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-cells of germinativum divide, surround wound
-Macrophages- keep wound clean -Endothelial cells of blood vessels dived -Franulation tissue- blod clot, fibroblasts, capillary network -Lots of lood flow into wound area to bring in nutrients and white blood cells to fight off infection -Clot dissolves, capillaries decline -Collagen fibers and ground substance appear -Fibrous (scar) tissue forms |
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What is a keloid scar?
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when tissue continues beyond what was needed, the scar is raised
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What is a first degree burn?
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(Superficial)
damage to epidermis only |
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What is a second degree burn?
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(partial thickness)
damage to entire epidermis, maybe some dermis |
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What is a third degree burn?
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(Full thickness)
destroy epidermisa nd dermis, extend into subcutaneous tissue |
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What are some problems with burns that cover greater than 20% of the body?
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-It is very difficult to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
-Thermoregulation -Loss of protection from attack |
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What is th eleading cause of death for burns that cover over 20% of the body?
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sepsis
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What happens with aging and the epidermis
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-epidermis thins as germinative layer slows down production
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What happens with aging and langerhans cells?
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they drop by 50%, (langerhans are involved in imunity)
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What happens with aging and the dermis?
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the dermis thins, and integument becomes weaker
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What happens with aging and skin repair?
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It proceeds slowly
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What happens with ging and hair and body fat?
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The distribution fades
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There are declines in what, with the aging of the integument?
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-D3
-Melanocyte activity -Glandular activity -Blood supply to dermis -Hair follicle funciton |
