Ch. 5 History Study Guide

Front 1

privy council

Back 1

def: a group of royal advisers 4 the colonies
•the privy council set policies 4 the 13 colonies

Front 2

parliament

Back 2

def: the english national legislature
•the colonies' assemblies had, in some cases, representatives who were elected by the colonists to the assembly that make laws and set polocies

Front 3

bicameral legislature

Back 3

def: a law-making body made up of 2 houses/groups
•parliament has a bicameral legislature
•the 1st assembly formed in the 13 colonies met in 16 19 in Jamestown

Front 4

libel

Back 4

def: a person who writes false written statements that damages a person's reputation
•officials accused Zenger of being a libel after he published critisisms in his news paper of the royal governor of New York
•sometimes colonial courts also protected individual freedoms
•the jury declared Zenger not guilty

Front 5

Glorious Revolution

Back 5

def: the overthrow of James II
•Parliament asked James's protestant daughter Mary and her husband to rule because they were protestant and James's Catholic way was threatening the future of the country

Front 6

merchantilism

Back 6

def: creating and maintaning wealth by carefully controlling trad
•English official wanted 2 creat profits for their country by establishing a favorable balance of trade
•this meant having more imports than exports
•as a merchantile power, England concentrated on importing from and exporting to its colonies although it still traded w/ foreign nations

Front 7

cash crops

Back 7

def:crops grown mainly to be sold for profits
•the southern colonies based their agricultural economy on the production of cash crops
•the primary cash croips were tobacco, rice, and indigo
•colonists rarely grew cotton because harvesting it was too difficult and expensive

Front 8

enlightenment

Back 8

def: age of reason or when thinkers applied logic and reason to the study of human nature and the improvement of society
•as a result, philosophers began to start a new theory that there was a social contract, which required rulers to have the consent of the governed

Front 9

apprentices

Back 9

def: young boys who learned the trades from an expert
•during their apprenticeships, the boys lived with the master craftsman who taught them that trade
•in exchange for the apprenticeship, the boys preformed basic tasks

Front 10

George Whitefield

Back 10

•he traveled all over and his revivls drew crowds of thousands
•was part of the reason the great awakening was so popular
•he explained that everyone had a chance to be saved

Front 11

johnathon edwards

Back 11

•had a very famlous speech in 1741 called, "Sinners in the eyes of an angry God"
•said that all people regardless of social status were sinners

Front 12

great awakening

Back 12

a time in the 1730s and the 1740s where Christian faith grew

Front 13

revivals

Back 13

public church gatherings where masses of people came together to hear a minister's sermons
•were often held in large open fields

Front 14

Galileo Galilei

Back 14

was one of the leading figures in the scientific revolution
•confirmed Copernicus's theory that teh planets revolve around the sun

Front 15

Scientific Revolution

Back 15

the dramatic explanations about the workings of the universe
•the revolution begain in mathematics and astronomy and eventually affected all areas of natural sciences

Front 16

Sir Isaac Newton

Back 16

contributeed greatly 2 people's understanding of the universe

Front 17

lexington

Back 17

•April 18, 1775, the British were coming either by land or see but no one knew
•Paul Revere then rode through the countryside waking up the minutemen telling them that the British were coming
•70 minutemen prepared then went to Lexington meeting a much larger group of British soldiers
•The commander said, “Don’t fire unless fired upon. But if they mean to a war, let it begin here!”
•Suddenly, a mysterious shot rang out and 2 this day, know knows who fired the first shot @ Lexington and is know as the shot heard round the world
•When the smoke cleared, the badly outnumbered colonists suffered 8 and 10 wounded

Front 18

concord

Back 18

•British marched on to concord, where members had supposedly stored their muskets. The British did not find many weapons, because the colonists had already hidden them elsewhere
•In anger, some British troops set fire 2 a few buildings and when the minutemen saw what was happening, the attacked
•As the British retreated back to Boston, the minutemen fired upon them using guerilla warfare and the soldiers’ bright red uniforms with straps that formed an “X” across each soldiers chest mad ideal targets
•By the time the British reached Boston, they had suffered more than 250 casualties, compared to fewer than 100 casualties for the colonists

Front 19

fort ticonderoga

Back 19

•Strategically located in northeastern New York, the British-held Fort Ticonderoga controlled access to Lake Champlain, a waterway leading into Canada

Front 20

allies during the war

Back 20

FRENCH ALLY
•Marquis de Lafayette was a 20-year-old who spoke little English, fought in battles, & gave $200,000 of his own money to the Patriot cause
SPANISH ALLY
•They allied together in 1779
•Spain was eager to damage Britain after the long years hating each other
•Bernardo de Galvez was an important man during this time

Front 21

valley forge

Back 21

•French and Spanish helped
•Spanish governor Bernardo de Galvez helped a lot

Front 22

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Back 22

a set of principles defing the powers of colonial government
•these allowed more ment to vote

Front 23

Virginia Stature 4 Religious Freedom

Back 23

jefferson's ideas on religious freedom
•other states passed similar legislation for religious freedom
•by 1833, no state allowed its government to establish an official church

Front 24

1st Continental Congress

Back 24

•the 1st continental congress first met in September of 1774 I Philadelphia with 56 colonial delegates
•Georgia was the only colony not represented, many protestors came
•The delegates debates the best way to respond to the crisis in Massachusetts and what they felt were abuses by British authorities
•many said they should make peace with Britain in order to avoid more shed
•In the end, the delegates recommended that the colonists continue 2 boycott British goods and that they were in s