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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atrium
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upper chambers of heart
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endocardium
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membrane lining the cavities of heart
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epicardium
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membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
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interatrial septum
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partition between R and L atrium
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interventricular septum
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partition between R and L ventricle
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myocardium
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heart muscle
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pericardium
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protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between
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ventricle
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lower R and L chambers of heart
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heart valves
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structures within heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one way flow of blood
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aortic valve
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heart valve btwn L ventricle and aorta
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mitral or bicuspid valve
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heart valve btwn L atrium and L ventrical
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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heart valve opening from the R ventricle to the pulmonary artery
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tricuspic valve
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valve between the right atrium and right ventrical
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valves of the veins
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valves located at intervals within the lining of veins esp in the legs which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood from the heart to arterioles
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aorta
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large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system brancing from the left ventricle
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arterioles
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small vessels that recive vlood from the arteries
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capillaries
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tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
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venules
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small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
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veins
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vessels that carry blood to the heart from venules
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systemic circulation
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circ of blood thruout body thru arteries, arteriolds, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver o2 and nutrients to body tissues
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coronary circulation
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circ of blood thru the coronary blood vessels to deliver o2 and nutrients to the heart muscles tissue
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pulmonary circulation
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circ of blood from pulmonary artery thru the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein providing for the exchange of gases
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diastole
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to expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
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systold
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to contract; period in the cardiac cycle when heart is in contraction and blood is ejected thru the aorta and pulmonary artery
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normotension
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normal blood pressure
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening loss of elasticity and calcification or hardening of arterial walls
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atherosclerosis
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build up fatty substances that harden within the walls of arterries
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atheromatoous plaque
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a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat
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thrombus
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a stationary blood clot
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embolus
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a clot carried int eh bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges
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stenosis
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condition of narrowing a part
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constriction
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compression of a part
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occlusion
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plugging; obstruction of a closing off
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ischemia
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to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
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perfusion deficit
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a lack of flow thru a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion,etc
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infarct
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to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (cond of tissue death) caused bye ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
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angina pectoris
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chest pain cused by a temp loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of coronary arteries
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aneurysm
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a widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by congenital defect or acquire weakness
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saccular aneurysm
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a saclike bulge on one side
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fusiform aneurysm
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a spindle shaped bulge
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dissecting aneurysm
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a split or tear of the vessel wall
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claudication
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to limp; pain in a limb while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply
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heart murmur
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an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects int he chambers or valves
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palpitation
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subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heart beats
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vegetation
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to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of infection
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sinoatrial node (SA node)
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the pacemaker; highly specialized neurologic tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heart beat causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node
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atrioventricular node (AV node)
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neurologic tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His
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bundle of His
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neurologic fibers extending from AV node to the R and L bundle branches that fire the impuse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
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Purkinije fibers
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fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the R and L ventricles causing them to contract
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polarization
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resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
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depolarization
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change of a myocardial cell from a polarized state to a state of contraction
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repolarization
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recharging of the myocaridal cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
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normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
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regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated bye the SA nod (avg rate of 60-100 beats per min)
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arrhythmia
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any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of thythm of the heartbeat
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bradycardia
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slow heart rate
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fibrillation
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chaotic, irreg contractions of heart
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flutter
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extremly rapid but reg contractions of heart
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premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
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a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by SA node
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tachycardia
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fast heart rate
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arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
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a degernerative cond of arteries char by thickening of the inner lining, loss of elasticity and susceptibility to rupture; seen most often in elderly and smokers
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bacterial endocarditis
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bacterial inflam that affects the endocardium of heart valves
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of heart produced by accumulation of fluid in pericaridal sac as can result from pericarditis or trauma causing rupture of a blood vessel within heart
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cardiomyopathy
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disease of heart muscle
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congenital anomaly of the heart
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malfomrmations of the heart present at birth
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atrial septal defect (ASD)
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an opening in the septum separating the atria
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coarctation of the aorta
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narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of of the body
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patent ductus arteriosus
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an abnormal opening btwn the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
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ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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an opening in the septum separating the ventricals
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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failure of L vent to pump an adquate amt of blood to meed demands of the body resulting in a "bottleneck" of congestion in lungs tat may extend to veins cause edema in lower portions of body
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co pulmonale
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enlargement of R vent resulting from chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circ and resistance of blood flow to lungs
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right ventrical failure
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enlargement of R vent resulting from chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circ and resistance of blood flow to lungs
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
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a cond affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delievery of o2 and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis
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hypertension (HTN)
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persistently high blood pressure
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essential (primary) herypertension
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high blood pressure attributed to no single cause but risks incl smoking obesity inc salt intake hypercholesterolemia nd herediary factors
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secondary hypertension
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high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack; death of myocardial tissue owing to loss of blood flow as a reult of an occusion of a coronary artery; usu caused by atherosclerosis
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myocarditis
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inflam of myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection
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pericarditis
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inflam of pericardium
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phebitis
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inflam of vein
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rheumatic heart disease
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damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever
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thromophlebitis
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inflam of a vein associated with a clot formation
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in legs
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deep vein thrombosis
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formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body occurring most often in femoral and iliac veins
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auscultation
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physical exam method of listening to sounds within the body witha stethoscope
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gallop
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abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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electrical picture of heart represented by positive and negative deflections of a graph labeled with letters PQRST correstponding to events of cardiac cycle
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stress electrocardiogram
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and ECG of the heart recorded during induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmil or bike; useful in detecting conditions
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holter ambulatory monitor
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portable electrocardiograph worn by patients that monitors electrical activity over 24 hrs; useful in detecting periodic abnormalities
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magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
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magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
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nuclear medicine imaging
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radionuclide organ imaging
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myocardial radionuclide profusion scan
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a scan of the heart made after an TV injection of an isotope that is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow thru out the heart
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myocardial radionuclide profusion stress scan
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nuclear scan of heart taken before and after the induction of controlled physical exercise or a harmaceutical agent that produces the effect of excercise stress
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radiology
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xray imaging
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angiography
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process of xray imaging of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium
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angiogram
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record obtained by angiography
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conronary angiogram
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radiograph of blood vessels of the heart
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arteriogram
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xray of a particular artery
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aortogram
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xray of aorta
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venogram
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xray of a vein
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cardia catheterization
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intro of a flexible narrow tube or catheter thru a vein of artery into heart to withdraw samples of blood; to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels; and to inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film (motion pic) imaging of chambers of heart and coronary arteries. incl interventional procedures such as angioplasty and atherectomy
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left heart catheterization
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xray of the L vent cavity and coronary arteries
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right heart catheterization
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measurement of o2 saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart
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ventriculogram
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xray visualizing the ventricles
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stroke volume (SV)
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measurement of the amt of blood ejected from a vent in one contraction
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cardiac output (CO)
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measurement of the amt of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per min
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ejction fraction
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measurement of volume percentage of L vent contents ejected with each contraction
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sonography
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sonographic imaging
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echocardiography
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recording sound waves thru heart to eval structure and motion
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stress echocardiogram
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echocardiogram of heart recorded during physical exercise; useful in detecting cond such as ischemia or infarction
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transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
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echocardiographic image of heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at end of an endoscpe inside esophagus
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doppler sonography
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ultrasound tech used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency or to determine flow thru the heart chambers valves and so on
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from anther part of the body to bypass and occluded coronary artery restoring circ to myocardial tissue
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anastomosis
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opening; joinign of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other
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valve replacement
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relacement of a diseased heart valve with an artificial one
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valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of a heart valve
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transmyocardial revascularization
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a laser tech used to open iny channels in heart muscles to restore blood flow thereby relieve angina in patients who have advanced coronary artery disease
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endovascular surgery
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interventional procedures performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized lab (cath lab) instead of OR
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angioscopy
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use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope that is guided thru a specific blood vessel to isually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy
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endovascular surgery
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interventional procedures performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized lab (cath lab) instead of OR
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ateriotomy
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an incision into an artery
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angioscopy
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use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope that is guided thru a specific blood vessel to isually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy
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atherectomy
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excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexile catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
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ateriotomy
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an incision into an artery
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embolectomy
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incision into an artery for the removal of an emolus
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atherectomy
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excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexile catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
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thrombectomy
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incision into an artery for the removal of a thrombus
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embolectomy
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incision into an artery for the removal of an emolus
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endarterectomy
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surgicl removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blocage caused by a clot of atherosclerotic plaque build up
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter wtih a balloon attached, then inflating it to dialte and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium
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thrombectomy
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incision into an artery for the removal of a thrombus
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intravascular stent
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implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency (openness) -- most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty
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endarterectomy
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surgicl removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blocage caused by a clot of atherosclerotic plaque build up
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricullar fibrillation by delievering an electrical stimulus to heart; most commonly done by applying electrodes of defibrillator externally to chest wall but can be performed internally during open heart surgery or via an implanted device
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter wtih a balloon attached, then inflating it to dialte and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium
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intravascular stent
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implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency (openness) -- most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty
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defibrillator
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device that delievers the electrial stimulus in defibrillation
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricullar fibrillation by delievering an electrical stimulus to heart; most commonly done by applying electrodes of defibrillator externally to chest wall but can be performed internally during open heart surgery or via an implanted device
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cardioversion
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term of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means of by delievery of electrial energy
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
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implanted battery operated device with rate senseing leads; monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrial stimulus and needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
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defibrillator
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device that delievers the electrial stimulus in defibrillation
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cardioversion
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term of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means of by delievery of electrial energy
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pacemaker
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a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often implanted with lead wires and batter circuitry under skin but can be temp placed externally wtih lead wires inserted into heart via vein
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)
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a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in treatment of hypertension
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
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implanted battery operated device with rate senseing leads; monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrial stimulus and needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
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pacemaker
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a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often implanted with lead wires and batter circuitry under skin but can be temp placed externally wtih lead wires inserted into heart via vein
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)
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a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in treatment of hypertension
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antianginal
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a drug that dialtes coronary arteries, restoring o2 to the tissues to relieve theh pain of angina pectoris
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antiarrhythmic
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a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
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anticoagulant
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a drug that prevents blood clotting
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antihypertensive
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a drug that lowers BP
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beta-adrenergic blocking agents
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agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowering of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure withint the walls of the vessels; sued to treat angina pectoris and hypertension
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beta blockers
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agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowering of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure withint the walls of the vessels; sued to treat angina pectoris and hypertension
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calcium channel blockers
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agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions in heart muscles cells causing a slowing of heart rate, lessing the demand for o2 and nutrients and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of teh lood vessels to cause diation used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
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diuretic
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a drug that inc the secretion of urine; commonly prescirbed in treating hyper tension
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hypolipidemic
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a drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
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thrombolytic agents
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drugs used to dissolve thrombi
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels dcreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels increasing blood flow
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