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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nitrogenous wastes
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Degradation products of proteins and nucleic acids that are toxic at high concentrations and must be eliminated from the body.
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ammonia (NH3)
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A highly toxic nitrogenous waste typically produced by many aquatic animal species. They disrupt pH, ion electrochemical gradients, and many chemical reactions that involve oxidations and reductions.
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Urea
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A nitrogenous waste commonly produced in many terrestrial species, including mammals. Although it is converted from urea, it is less toxic than ammonia, urea does not require large volumes of water to be excreted.
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Uric acid
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A nitrogenous waste produced by birds, insects, and reptiles.
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Types of Nitrogenous Wastes
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1. Ammonia: marine invertebrates
2. Urea: Most amphibians, some fish, reptiles & invertebrates 3. Uric acid: birds , insects, & most reptiles |
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Processes used by Excretory Organs
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1. Filtration
2. reabsorption 3. secretion 4. Excretion |
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Filtration
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The passive removal of water and small solutes from the blood during the production of urine.
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Reabsorption
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In the production of urine, the process in which useful solutes in the filtrate are recaptured and transported back into the body fluids of an animal.
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Secretion
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In the production of urine, the process in which some solutes are actively transported into the tubules of the excretory organ; this supplements the amount of a solute that would normally be removed by filtration alone.
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Excretion
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In animals, the process of expelling waste or harmful materials from the body.
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Urine
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The part of the filtrate formed in the kidney that remains after all reabsorption of solutes and water is complete.
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Protonephridia
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Simple excretory organs found in flatworms that are used to filter out wastes and excess water.
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Metanephridial system
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The filtration system used by annelids to filter out wastes and excess water.
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Malpighian tubules
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Delicate projections from the digestive tract of insects and some other taxa that function as an excretory organ.
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Kidneys
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The major excretory organ found in all vertebrates. They contain specialized tubules made of epithelial cells that participate in both salt & water homeostasis by promoting active transport of sodium, potassium, & other ions across their membranes.
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Ureters
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A structure in the mammalian urinary system through which urine flows from the kidney into the urinary bladder.
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Urethra
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The structure in the mammalian urinary system through which urine is eliminated from the body.
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Nephron
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One of several million single-cell-thick tubules that are the functional units of the mammalian kidney.
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Renal corpuscle
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A filtering component in the nephron of the kidney.
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Collecting duct
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A tubule in the mammalian kidney that collects urine from nephrons.
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Glomerulus
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A cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries in the renal corpuscle of the kidney; the site of filtration in the kidney.
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Afferent arteriole
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Blood vessels that provide a pathway for blood into the glomeruli of the vertebrate kidney.
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Efferent artreiole
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A blood vessel that carries blood away from a glomerulus of the vertebrate kidney.
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Bowman's capsule
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A saclike structure that houses the glomerulus at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney.
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Podocytes
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Structures on Glomerular cappillaries that have filtration slits that allow the passage of small solutes out but are a barrier to the movement of large solutes, such as proteins.
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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The segment of the tubule of the nephron in the kidney that drains Bowman's capsule.
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Loop of Henle
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A segment of the tubule of the nephron of the kidney containing a sharp hairpin-like loop that contributes to reabsorption of ions and water. It consists of a descending limb coming from the proximal tubule and an ascending limb leading to the distal tubule.
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Distal convoluted tubule
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The segment of the tubule of the nephron through which fluid flows into one of the many collecting ducts in the kidney.
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Vasa recta capillaries
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Capillaries in the medulla in the nephron of the kidney.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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The rate at which a filtrate of plasma is formed in all the glomeruli of the vertebrate kidneys.
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that acts on kidney cells to decrease urine production.
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Uremia
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A condition characterized by the presence of nitrogenous wastes, such as urea, in the blood; typically results from kidney disease.
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