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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gastrovascular cavity
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In certain invertebrates such as cnidarians, a body cavity with a single opening to the outside; it functions as both a digestive system and circulatory system.
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Open Circulatory Sustem
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In animals, a circulatory system in which hemolymph, which is not different than the interstitial fluid, flows throughout the body and is not confined to special vessels.
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Cardiovascular system
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A system containing three components: blood or hemolymph, blood vessels, and one or more hearts.
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Closed Circulatory System
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A circulatory system in which blood flows throughout an animal entirely within a series of vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid; found in earthworms, cephalopods (squids and octopuses), and all vertebrates
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Benefits of closed circulatory system
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1. larger size possible
2. Blood flow can be selectively increased or decreased to certain areas 3. ability to heal themselves/clot 4. disease-fighting molecules |
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Atrium
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In the heart, a chamber to collect blood from the tissues.
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Ventricle
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In the heart, a chamber that pumps blood out of the heart.
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Arteries
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A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
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Veins
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In animals, a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart.
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Pulmocutaneous circulation
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The routing of blood from the heart to the gas exchange organs (lungs and skin) of frogs and some other amphibians.
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Systemic circulation
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The pumping of blood from the left side of an animal's heart to the body to drop off oxygen and nutrients and pick up carbon dioxide and wastes. The blood then returns to the right side of the heart.
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Pulmonary circulation
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The pumping of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen from the atmosphere and release carbon dioxide.
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Plasma
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The fluid part of blood that contains water and dissolved solutes.
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Leukocytes
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A cell that develops from the marrow of certain bones of vertebrates; all leukocytes (also known as white blood cells) perform vital functions that defend the body against infection and disease. AKA white blood cells
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Erthrocytes
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A cell that serves the critical function of transporting oxygen throughout an animal's body; also known as a red blood cell.
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Hematocrit
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The volume of blood that is composed of red blood cells, usually between 40 and 65% in vertebrates.
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Hemoglobin
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An iron-containing protein that binds oxygen and is found within the cytosol of red blood cells.
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Anemia
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A condition characterized by lower than normal levels of hemoglobin, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be stored in the blood.
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Platelets
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Cell fragments in the blood of mammals that play a crucial role in the formation of blood clots.
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Thrombocytes
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Intact cells in the blood of vertebrates other than mammals that play a crucial role in the formation of blood clots; in mammals, cell fragments called platelets serve this function.
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Fibrin
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A protein that forms a meshwork of threadlike fibers that wrap around and between platelets and blood cells, enlarging and thickening a blood clot.
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Hemophilia
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An inherited disorder characterized by the deficiency of a specific blood clotting factor.
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Neurogenic heart
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A heart that will not beat unless it receives regular electrical impulses from the nervous system.
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Myogenic heart
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A heart in which the signaling mechanism that initiates contraction resides within the cardiac muscle itself.
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atrioventricular (AV) valves
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A one-way valve into the ventricles of the vertebrate heart through which blood moves from the atria.
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Semilunar valves
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One-way valves into the systemic and pulmonary arteries through which blood is pumped from the ventricles.
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Aorta
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In vertebrates, a large blood vessel that exits a ventricle of the heart and leads to the systemic circulation.
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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A collection of modified cardiac cells in the right atrium of most vertebrates that spontaneously and rhythmically generates action potentials that spread across the entire atria; also known as the pacemaker of the heart.
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Diastole
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The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles fill with blood coming from the atria through the open AV valves; pressure in the ventricles is lower than in the atria and the arteries; therefore, the AV valves are open, but the semilunar valves are closed
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Systole
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The second phase of the cardiac cycle, in which the ventricles contract and eject the blood through the open semilunar valves.
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Blood pressure
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The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels; blood pressure is responsible for moving blood through the vessels; highest in the arteries during systole and lowest during diastole.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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A record of the electrical impulses generated by the cells of the heart during the cardiac cycle.
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Arterioles
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A single-celled layer of endothelium surrounded by one or two layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue that delivers blood to the capillaries and distributes blood to regions of the body in proportion to metabolic demands.
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Capillaries
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A tiny thin-walled vessel that is the site of gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
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Venules
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A small, thin-walled extension of a capillary that empties into larger vessels called veins that return blood to the heart for another trip around the circulation.
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Endothelium
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The single-celled inner layer of a blood vessel; forms a smooth lining in contact with the blood.
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Lymphatic system
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A system of vessels along with a group of organs and tissues where most leukocytes reside. The lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the blood.
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Resistance (R)
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The tendency of blood vessels to slow down the flow of blood through their lumens.
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ΔP = F × R
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demonstrates that blood pressure depends on both blood flow and resistance.
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Vasoconstriction
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A decrease in blood vessel radius; an important mechanism for directing blood flow away from specific regions of the body.
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Vasodilation
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An increase in blood vessel radius; an important mechanism for directing blood flow to specific regions of the body.
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Cardiac Output (CO)
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The amount of blood the heart pumps per unit time, usually expressed in units of L/min.
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Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
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The sum of all the resistance in all arterioles.
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Blood Pressure
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BP = CO × TPR
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Stroke volume
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The amount of blood ejected with each beat, or stroke, of the heart.
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Epinephrine
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A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands; also known as adrenaline;binds to receptors on heart ventricular muscle cells, making them contract more vigorously, thereby increasing stroke volume; also increases heart rate
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Norepinephrine
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A type of neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline;
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Baroreceptors
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A pressure-sensitive region within the walls of certain arteries that contains the endings of nerve cells; these regions sense and help to maintain blood pressure in the normal range for an animal.
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