Ch 44-46 Pharynx, Larynx & Guttural Pouch P1

Front 1

Function of intrinsic nasopharyngeal muscles:

Back 1

support the pharynx by contraction which tenses and dilates the nasopharynx

Front 2

Function of extrinsic nasopharyngeal muscles:

Back 2

regulate soft palate position, to increase nasopharyngeal diameter and decrease nasopharyngeal compliance (make it stiffer) by moving the tongue, or hyoid or laryngeal structures

Front 3

What are the intrinsic nasophayngeal muscles:

Back 3

tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatinus, palatopharyngeus, and caudal stylopharyngeus

Front 4

Combined function of TVP, LVP, palatinus, and palatopharyngeus:

Back 4

soft palate position

Front 5

Composition of the soft palate from ventral to dorsal:

Back 5

oral mucosa, palatine aponeurosis, palatinus & palatopharyngeus muscles, and the nasopharyngeal mucosa

Front 6

What is the palatine aponeurosis?

Back 6

expanded tendon of the TVP

Front 7

What does the palatine aponeurosis attach to?

Back 7

caudal aspect of the hard palate

Front 8

Vascular supply to the soft palate:

Back 8

linguofacial trunk and maxillary artery

Front 9

TVP innervation:

Back 9

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Front 10

Origin & insertion of TVP:

Back 10

originates at the petrous temporal bone, pterygoid bone, and lateral lamina of the auditory tube, travels ventral and rostral to the hamulus of the pterygoid bone, and inserts on the caudal hard palate as the palatine aponeurosis

Front 11

Function of the TVP:

Back 11

tenses the rostral soft palate and depresses it ventrally during inspiration

Front 12

Origin and insertion of the palatinus:

Back 12

originates just caudal to the palatine aponeurosis, extends caudally to end at the caudal free border of the soft palate, but it sends muscle bundles laterally to form the pillars of the soft palate, uniting dorsally to form the palatopharyngeal arch

Front 13

Origin and insertion of the palatopharyngeus?

Back 13

orgininates just lateral to the palatinus and form a portion of the nasopharyngeal wall, before terminating on the dorsal edge of the thyroid cartilage and dorsally on midline

Front 14

Innervation of palatinus:

Back 14

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 15

Function of the palatinus:

Back 15

shorten the soft palate, depressing it ventrally toward the tongue

Front 16

Innervation of palatopharyngeus:

Back 16

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 17

Function of the palatopharyngeus:

Back 17

shorten the soft palate, depressing it ventrally toward the tongue

Front 18

Origin and insertion of LVP:

Back 18

from the petrous temporal bone to insert within the glandular layer of the dorsal soft palate

Front 19

Function of LVP:

Back 19

elevates the soft palate during swallowing

Front 20

Innervation of LVP:

Back 20

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 21

Origin and insertion of caudal stylopharyngeus:

Back 21

originates on the medial aspect of the middle third of the stylohyoid bone and travels ventral and rostral to insert on the dorsolateral wall of the pharynx

Front 22

Innervation of caudal stylopharyngeus:

Back 22

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)

Front 23

How do extrinisic nasopharyngeal muscles increase nasopharyngeal diameter?

Back 23

altering the size of the oropharynx or the position of the larynx, which results in stability of the soft palate during exercise

Front 24

What are the extrinsic nasopharyngeal muscles?

Back 24

geniohyoideus, thyrohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, hyoepiglotticus, sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus

Front 25

Origin and insertion of genioglossus:

Back 25

originates within the median plane of the tongue and inserts on the mandible caudal to the symphysis

Front 26

Function of genioglossus:

Back 26

protracts the tongue, pulling the basihyoid rostral

Front 27

Innervation of genioglossus:

Back 27

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 28

Origin and insertion of geniohyoideus:

Back 28

originates on the medial aspect of the mandible and inserts on the basihyoid

Front 29

Function of geniohyoideus:

Back 29

tongue is protracted and the hyoid apparatus is pulled rostral

Front 30

Innervation of geniohyoideus:

Back 30

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 31

Function of styloglossus:

Back 31

retracts the tongue

Front 32

Origin and insertion of styloglossus:

Back 32

originating on the lateral aspect of the stylohyoid bone and inserting on the tip of the tongue

Front 33

Innervation of styloglossus:

Back 33

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 34

Function of hyoglossus:

Back 34

retracts the tongue, depressing the base of the tongue

Front 35

Origin and insertion of hyoglossus:

Back 35

originates on the lingual process, stylohyoid and thyrohyoid bones and inserts on the dorsal aspect of the tongue

Front 36

Innervation of hyoglossus:

Back 36

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 37

Function of sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus:

Back 37

retract the hyoid and laryngeal apparatus caudally

Front 38

Origin and insertion of sternohyoideus:

Back 38

originates at the sternum, inserts on the basihyoid bone and lingual process

Front 39

Origin and insertion of sternothyroideus:

Back 39

originates at the sternum, inserts on the thyroid cartilage

Front 40

Innervation of sternohyoideus :

Back 40

branches of the first and second cervical nerves

Front 41

Origin and insertion of hyoepiglotticus:

Back 41

originates on the hyoid bone and inserts on the epiglottis

Front 42

Function of hyoepiglotticus:

Back 42

pulls the epiglottis ventrally, increasing the ventral dimension of the rima glottis

Front 43

Innervation of hyoepiglotticus:

Back 43

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 44

Location of thyrohyodeus:

Back 44

between the thyroid cartilage and the thyrohyoid bone

Front 45

Function of thyrohyoideus:

Back 45

moves the larynx rostral so the thyroid cartilage is more dorsal and rostral than the basihyoid

Front 46

Function of intrinsic nasopharyngeal muscles:

Back 46

support the pharynx by contraction which tenses and dilates the nasopharynx

Front 47

Function of extrinsic nasopharyngeal muscles:

Back 47

regulate soft palate position, to increase nasopharyngeal diameter and decrease nasopharyngeal compliance (make it stiffer) by moving the tongue, or hyoid or laryngeal structures

Front 48

What are the intrinsic nasophayngeal muscles:

Back 48

tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatinus, palatopharyngeus, and caudal stylopharyngeus

Front 49

Combined function of TVP, LVP, palatinus, and palatopharyngeus:

Back 49

soft palate position

Front 50

Composition of the soft palate from ventral to dorsal:

Back 50

oral mucosa, palatine aponeurosis, palatinus & palatopharyngeus muscles, and the nasopharyngeal mucosa

Front 51

What is the palatine aponeurosis?

Back 51

expanded tendon of the TVP

Front 52

What does the palatine aponeurosis attach to?

Back 52

caudal aspect of the hard palate

Front 53

Vascular supply to the soft palate:

Back 53

linguofacial trunk and maxillary artery

Front 54

TVP innervation:

Back 54

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Front 55

Origin & insertion of TVP:

Back 55

originates at the petrous temporal bone, pterygoid bone, and lateral lamina of the auditory tube, travels ventral and rostral to the hamulus of the pterygoid bone, and inserts on the caudal hard palate as the palatine aponeurosis

Front 56

Function of the TVP:

Back 56

tenses the rostral soft palate and depresses it ventrally during inspiration

Front 57

Origin and insertion of the palatinus:

Back 57

originates just caudal to the palatine aponeurosis, extends caudally to end at the caudal free border of the soft palate, but it sends muscle bundles laterally to form the pillars of the soft palate, uniting dorsally to form the palatopharyngeal arch

Front 58

Origin and insertion of the palatopharyngeus?

Back 58

orgininates just lateral to the palatinus and form a portion of the nasopharyngeal wall, before terminating on the dorsal edge of the thyroid cartilage and dorsally on midline

Front 59

Innervation of palatinus:

Back 59

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 60

Function of the palatinus:

Back 60

shorten the soft palate, depressing it ventrally toward the tongue

Front 61

Innervation of palatopharyngeus:

Back 61

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 62

Function of the palatopharyngeus:

Back 62

shorten the soft palate, depressing it ventrally toward the tongue

Front 63

Origin and insertion of LVP:

Back 63

from the petrous temporal bone to insert within the glandular layer of the dorsal soft palate

Front 64

Function of LVP:

Back 64

elevates the soft palate during swallowing

Front 65

Innervation of LVP:

Back 65

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 66

Origin and insertion of caudal stylopharyngeus:

Back 66

originates on the medial aspect of the middle third of the stylohyoid bone and travels ventral and rostral to insert on the dorsolateral wall of the pharynx

Front 67

Innervation of caudal stylopharyngeus:

Back 67

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)

Front 68

How do extrinisic nasopharyngeal muscles increase nasopharyngeal diameter?

Back 68

altering the size of the oropharynx or the position of the larynx, which results in stability of the soft palate during exercise

Front 69

What are the extrinsic nasopharyngeal muscles?

Back 69

geniohyoideus, thyrohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, hyoepiglotticus, sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus

Front 70

Origin and insertion of genioglossus:

Back 70

originates within the median plane of the tongue and inserts on the mandible caudal to the symphysis

Front 71

Function of genioglossus:

Back 71

protracts the tongue, pulling the basihyoid rostral

Front 72

Innervation of genioglossus:

Back 72

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 73

Origin and insertion of geniohyoideus:

Back 73

originates on the medial aspect of the mandible and inserts on the basihyoid

Front 74

Function of geniohyoideus:

Back 74

tongue is protracted and the hyoid apparatus is pulled rostral

Front 75

Innervation of geniohyoideus:

Back 75

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 76

Function of styloglossus:

Back 76

retracts the tongue

Front 77

Origin and insertion of styloglossus:

Back 77

originating on the lateral aspect of the stylohyoid bone and inserting on the tip of the tongue

Front 78

Innervation of styloglossus:

Back 78

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 79

Function of hyoglossus:

Back 79

retracts the tongue, depressing the base of the tongue

Front 80

Origin and insertion of hyoglossus:

Back 80

originates on the lingual process, stylohyoid and thyrohyoid bones and inserts on the dorsal aspect of the tongue

Front 81

Innervation of hyoglossus:

Back 81

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 82

Function of sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus:

Back 82

retract the hyoid and laryngeal apparatus caudally

Front 83

Origin and insertion of sternohyoideus:

Back 83

originates at the sternum, inserts on the basihyoid bone and lingual process

Front 84

Origin and insertion of sternothyroideus:

Back 84

originates at the sternum, inserts on the thyroid cartilage

Front 85

Innervation of sternohyoideus :

Back 85

branches of the first and second cervical nerves

Front 86

Origin and insertion of hyoepiglotticus:

Back 86

originates on the hyoid bone and inserts on the epiglottis

Front 87

Function of hyoepiglotticus:

Back 87

pulls the epiglottis ventrally, increasing the ventral dimension of the rima glottis

Front 88

Innervation of hyoepiglotticus:

Back 88

hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 89

Location of thyrohyodeus:

Back 89

between the thyroid cartilage and the thyrohyoid bone

Front 90

Function of thyrohyoideus:

Back 90

moves the larynx rostral so the thyroid cartilage is more dorsal and rostral than the basihyoid

Front 91

Relation of The cricoid in the larynx:

Back 91

most caudal, connected to the first tracheal ring by the cricotracheal membrane

Front 92

Relation of the thyroid to the cricoid:

Back 92

rostral, connected by the cricothyroid membrane

Front 93

Relation of the arytenoid cartilages to the cricoid:

Back 93

rostral, right and left arytenoid cartilages articulate with the cricoid at the cricoarytenoid joints

Front 94

Relation of the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages:

Back 94

arytenoid dorsal to the thyroid

Front 95

Function of the cricoarytenoid joint:

Back 95

allow the arytenoid cartilages to rotate dorsolaterally during abduction

Front 96

Location of the cricoarytenoid articulation:

Back 96

caudal aspect of the arytenoid

Front 97

Cartilage composition of the laryngeal cartilages:

Back 97

body of the arytenoid is composed of hyaline cartilage, as is the thyroid and cricoid cartilage. The corniculate processes of the arytenoid is composed of elastic cartilage, as is the epiglottis

Front 98

Relation of the epiglottis in the larynx:

Back 98

most rostral cartilage

Front 99

Relation of the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage:

Back 99

epiglottis sits on the dorsal surface of the thyroid cartilage, connected by the thyroepiglottic ligament

Front 100

Function of Intrinsic laryngeal muscles:

Back 100

are responsible for movement of the cartilages in relation to each other, changes the diameter of the rima glottis, either by abducting or adducting the corniculate processes of the arytenoids or by increasing or decreasing tension placed on the vocal folds

Front 101

Function of Extrinsic laryngeal muscles:

Back 101

are responsible for movement or stabilization of the larynx as a whole unit

Front 102

What are The vocal folds?

Back 102

mucous membrane covered vocal ligaments

Front 103

Location of vocal ligament:

Back 103

extends from the ventral aspect of the arytenoid to the caudal body of the thyroid and the cricothyroid membrane

Front 104

What are the Intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Back 104

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, thyroarytenoideus, cricothyroideus, cricoarytenoideus lateralis, and the tranverse arytenoid

Front 105

How does the transverse arytenoid differ from the other intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Back 105

It is the only non–paired (right & left)

Front 106

What are the portions of the thyroarytenoideus?

Back 106

rostral portion called the ventricularis, caudal portion called the vocalis muscle

Front 107

What is the major abducting muscle?

Back 107

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Front 108

Function of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis?

Back 108

abduct the corniculate processes and tensing the vocal folds

Front 109

What are the adducting muscles?

Back 109

thyroarytenoideus, transverse arytenoid, and cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Front 110

What is the function of the cricothyroideus?

Back 110

tenses the vocal folds during vocalization

Front 111

What is the innervation to the cricothyroideus?

Back 111

external branch of the cranial laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve

Front 112

Innervation of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis:

Back 112

recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve

Front 113

Innervation of thyroarytenoideus:

Back 113

recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve

Front 114

Innervation of cricoarytenoideus lateralis:

Back 114

recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve

Front 115

Innervation of tranverse arytenoid:

Back 115

recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve

Front 116

What are the Extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Back 116

thyrohyoideus, hyoepiglotticus, cricopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, and sternothyroideus

Front 117

What is the aryepiglottic fold?

Back 117

mucous membrane of the epiglottis reflects off the lateral, caudal aspect of the epiglottis to continue with the mucous membrane of the corniculate processes

Front 118

Where is the laryngeal saccule?

Back 118

between the medial wall of the thyroid cartilage and the lateral wall of the ventricle

Front 119

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

Back 119

broad band of tissue that extends from ventral aspect of the arytenoid cartilage to the caudal, lateral border of the epiglottis

Front 120

Laryngeal arterial supply:

Back 120

caudal laryngeal artery and branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery

Front 121

What is the GP?

Back 121

extension of the Eustachian or auditory tube that connects the middle ear to the pharynx

Front 122

What is the medial border of the GP?

Back 122

paired pouches are separated by a median septum of mucous membrane, which is ventral to the longus capitus and the rectus capitus ventralis muscles

Front 123

The rostral border of the GP:

Back 123

basisphenoid bone

Front 124

The ventral border of the GP:

Back 124

pharynx, retropharyngeal LN, and the esophagus

Front 125

The caudal border of the GP:

Back 125

atlantooccipital joint

Front 126

The lateral border of the GP:

Back 126

digastricus muscles and the parotid and mandibular salivary glands

Front 127

The dorsal border of the GP:

Back 127

petrous part of the temporal bone, tympanic bulla, and auditory meatus

Front 128

What structures are on the caudal wall of the GP?

Back 128

internal carotid artery, the cranial cervical ganglion, the cervical sympathetic trunk, the vagus nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, the hypogossal nerve, and the accessory spinal nerve

Front 129

What structures are under the mucosa of the ventral floor of the medial compartment?

Back 129

cranial laryngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 130

What structures are located in the lateral wall of the lateral compartment?

Back 130

external carotid artery, its branches, the caudal auricular artery, and the superficial temporal artery

Front 131

What structures are on the dorsal aspect of the lateral compartment?

Back 131

maxillary artery, CN7 (facial) is located in the caudal dorsal aspect, mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve, travels rostrally

Front 132

What structure can also be affected by GP diseases that affect the facial nerve?

Back 132

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) does not enter the GP, but is closely related to the facial nerve

Front 133

Cellular composition of The mucous membrane of the GP:

Back 133

pseudostratisfied ciliated epithelium which have goblet cells

Front 134

What muscles open the pharyngeal orifice?

Back 134

TVP, LVP, palatopharyngeus, and pterygopharyngeus muscles open the pharyngeal orifice to the GP

Front 135

What is involved with opening/ expanding the auditory tube?

Back 135

increased inspiratory pressure as well as the stylopharyngeus and pterygopharyngeus muscles