Ch 40: Animal Bodies & Homeostasis

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the morphology of organisms, such as plants and animals.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of the functions of cells and body parts of living organisms.

Front 3

Muscle Tissue

Back 3

Bundles of muscle fibers that are specialized to contract when stimulated.

Front 4

Skeletal Muscle

Back 4

A type of muscle tissue that is attached by tendons to bones in vertebrates and to the exoskeleton of invertebrates.

Front 5

Smooth Muscle

Back 5

A type of muscle tissue that surrounds hollow tubes and cavities inside the body's organs; it is not under conscious control.

Front 6

Cardiac Muscle

Back 6

A type of muscle tissue found only in hearts in which physical and electrical connections between individual cells enable many of the cells to contract simultaneously.

Front 7

Nervous Tissue

Back 7

Clusters of cells that initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of an animal's body to another part.

Front 8

Epithelial Tissue

Back 8

In animals, a sheet of densely packed cells that covers the body, covers individual organs, and lines the walls of various cavities inside the body.

Front 9

Connective Tissue

Back 9

Clusters of cells that connect, anchor, and support the structures of an animal's body; includes blood, adipose (fat-storing) tissue, bone, cartilage, loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue.

Front 10

Extracellular Matrix

Back 10

Formed by connective tissue; contains fibrous proteins & carbs.
Functions: 1. scaffolding to which cells attach 2. protection/cushioning 3. mechanical strength 4. transmitting information to regulate activity.

Front 11

Collagen

Back 11

A protein secreted from animal cells that forms large fibers in the extracellular matrix.

Front 12

Elastin

Back 12

A protein that makes up elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of animals.

Front 13

Organ

Back 13

Two or more types of tissue combined to perform a common function.

Front 14

Organ System

Back 14

Different organs that work together to perform an overall function in an organism.

Front 15

Intracellular Fluid

Back 15

The fluid inside cells.

Front 16

Extracellular Fluid

Back 16

The fluid in an organism's body that is outside of the cells.

Front 17

Plasma

Back 17

The fluid part of blood that contains water and dissolved solutes.

Front 18

Interstitial Fluid

Back 18

The fluid part of blood that contains water and dissolved solutes.

Front 19

Hemolymph

Back 19

Combination of plasma and interstitial fluid in the open circulatory system of many invertebrates.

Front 20

Fick Diffusion Equation

Back 20

J = KA (C - C )

Front 21

Surface Area / Volume Ratio (SA / V)

Back 21

The ratio between a structure's surface area and the volume in which the structure is contained.
Key in obtaining energy & oxygen, regulating metabolism & body temp, & eliminating waste.

Front 22

Homeostasis

Back 22

The process whereby living organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions.

Front 23

Homeostatic Control System

Back 23

A system designed to regulate particular variables in an animal's body, such as body temperature; consists of a set point, sensor, integrator, and effectors.

Front 24

Set Point

Back 24

The normal value for a controlled variable, such as blood pressure, in an animal.

Front 25

Sensor

Back 25

Monitors the level or activity of a particular variable.

Front 26

Integrator

Back 26

An ENZYME, sometimes encoded by viruses, that catalyzes the integration of the viral genome into a host-cell chromosome.

Front 27

Effector

Back 27

A molecule that directly influences cellular responses; compensates for any deviation between actual values and the set point.

Front 28

Negative Feedback Loop

Back 28

A homeostatic system in animals in which a change in the variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction.

Front 29

Positive Feedback Loop

Back 29

In animals, the acceleration of a process, leading to what is sometimes called an explosive system.

Front 30

Feedforward Regulation

Back 30

The process by which an animal's body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it even occurs. (i.e. blood glucose levels)

Front 31

Paracrine

Back 31

Refers to a type of cellular communication in which molecules are released into the interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells.

Front 32

Neurotransmitter

Back 32

A small signaling molecule that is released from an axon terminal and diffuses to a postsynaptic cell where it elicits a response.